Import dependence

The principal characteristics of bitumen are its softening point and its needle penetrability. In France the latter has always been the basis for bitumen classification and class designation. Yet, the former is more representative of a bitumen s capacity to deform when the service temperature increases. The other properties have more or less importance depending on the application. 

Its importance depends on the nuclear property of being readily fissionable with neutrons and its availability in quantity. The world s nuclear-power reactors are now producing about 20,000 kg of plutonium/yr. By 1982 it was estimated that about 300,000 kg had accumulated. The various nuclear applications of plutonium are well known. 238Pu has been used in the Apollo lunar missions to power seismic and other equipment on the lunar surface. As with neptunium and uranium, plutonium metal can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with alkaline-earth metals. 

Flow Past Bodies. A fluid moving past a surface of a soHd exerts a drag force on the soHd. This force is usually manifested as a drop in pressure in the fluid. Locally, at the surface, the pressure loss stems from the stresses exerted by the fluid on the surface and the equal and opposite stresses exerted by the surface on the fluid. Both shear stresses and normal stresses can contribute their relative importance depends on the shape of the body and the relationship of fluid inertia to the viscous stresses, commonly expressed as a dimensionless number called the Reynolds number (R ), EHp/]1. The character of the flow affects the drag as well as the heat and mass transfer to the surface. Flows around bodies and their associated pressure changes are important. 

Centrifugal force. Varies in importance, depending on the system speed. 

Ankohlung, /. partial charring, ankommen, v.i. arrive approach succeed be important depend (Brewing) start fermenting. 

The exact process(es) by which a2-adrenoceptors blunt release of transmitter from the terminals is still controversial but a reduction in the synthesis of the second messenger, cAMP, contributes to this process. a2-Adrenoceptors are negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase, through a Pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi-like protein, and so their activation will reduce the cAMP production which is vital for several stages of the chemical cascade that culminates in vesicular exocytosis (see Chapter 4). The reduction in cAMP also indirectly reduces Ca + influx into the terminal and increases K+ conductance, thereby reducing neuronal excitability (reviewed by Starke 1987). Whichever of these releasecontrolling processes predominates is uncertain but it is likely that their relative importance depends on the type (or location) of the neuron. 

Ammonia also reacts with the acrolein intermediate, via the formation of an imine or possibly oxime intermediate which transforms faster to the acrylonitrile than to the acrylamide intermediate. This pathway of reaction occurs at lower temperatures in comparison to that involving an acrylate intermediate, but its relative importance depends on the competitive reaction of the acrolein intermediate with the ammonia species and with catalyst lattice oxygens. NH3 coordinated on Lewis sites also inhibits the activation of propane differently from that absorbed on Brsurface reaction network in propane ammoxidation. 

A study of the reaction of chlorobenzene with /V-mclhyl aniline in the presence of Pd[P(r-Bu)3]2 and several different bases indicated that two mechanisms may occur concurrently, with their relative importance depending on the base, as indicated in the catalytic cycle below. The cycle on the right depicts oxidative addition followed by ligation by the deprotonated amine. The cycle on the left suggests that oxidative addition occurs on an anionic adduct of the catalyst and the base, followed by exchange with the amine ligand.167... 

Whether the protein effect is considered important depends heavily on the type of process that is being studied. If the target is to understand the color-tuning effects of... 

In discussing the way in which hydrogenolysis occurs, it needs to be recognized at the outset that more than one reaction pathway is possible, and their relative importance depends both on hydrocarbon structure and on the nature of the catalyst. 

Each of the two terms in formula (3.32) depends on temperature, and its contribution has a different importance depending on the temperature range of interest. 

Most laboratory chemicals are available in a number of grades, usually according to the concentration of impurities that are present. Generally, the purer the chemical, the more expensive it will be. A supplier s catalogue will indicate the different grades available for a particular chemical, together with the related purity specifications. You should bear in mind that the specification may not identify all of the impurities that are present. The nature of the impurities may or may not be important, depending on how the chemical is to be used. 

Which of the Equations [(4.13) or (4.14)] is determined to be the most important depends on which part of the boundary has the major resistance to the mass transport. If, as an example, the major resistance exists in the water film of the boundary, i.e., k2A < k1A, Equation (4.13) is the relevant description of the flux rate. The two equilibrium values of the molar fraction, xA and y A are fictitious, however, each is determined from Henry s law, i.e. ... 

This also explains why the pH of any extracting solution is important. Depending on the pH of the extracting solution, the component(s) of interest may be in the form of an ion or polar or neutral molecules. This, in turn, determines if it will be solvated by the solvent chosen as the extractant. If a certain pH is... 

The anions A2H may also be involved. The two forms of propagating centre, (III) and (IV), may well co-exist, their relative kinetic importance depending upon solvent, temperature, concentrations, age of the reaction and - in the general case - the nature of the acid. The transition states for both the reactions (iii) and (iv) can best be visualised as cyclic and 6-centred [2c, 7a, 29]. 

Products of the Pigment Red 49 range differ considerably in their commercial importance, depending on the region in which they are marketed. Although of little... 

In total, the EU25 currently imports around 50% of its primary energy and if no additional measures are taken, the import dependence will rise to around 70% by 2030 (EC, 2006a). The EU also imports 35% of its coal as well as 100% of its uranium. 

Today, the USA has an oil-import dependence (net imports as percentage of consumption) of 64%, the European Union of 79%, China of 46%, India of 69% and Japan of 100% as non-OPEC production declines, the import dependence of these countries will further rise in the coming decades until 2030. 

The following items generally will be essential, but their importance depends on the individual reaction system and on the intention of the investigations such as the following ... 

In principle (but not often in practice) four reactions are possible, their importance dependent on pH... 

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