State-owned enterprises

Gupta (2002) reexamined the impact of partial privatization on firm performance, using data on the sale of noncontrolling equity stakes on the stock market by state-owned enterprises in India. He found that partial privatization has a positive and highly significant impact on the sales, profits, and labor productivity of these firms. 

Finally, Megginson and Netter (2001) concluded from their comprehensive survey of the extensive literature on privatization that privately owned hrms are more efficient and more prohtable than otherwise-comparable state-owned hrms. They cited limited empirical evidence, especially from China, that suggests that nonprivatizing reform measures, such as price deregulation, market liberalization, and increased use of incentives, can improve the efficiency of state-owned enterprises, but it also seems likely that these reforms would be even more effective ifcoupled with privatization. 

Boardman, Anthony E., and Aidan R. Vining. 1989. Ownership and Performance in Competitive Environments A Comparison of the Performance of Private, Mixed, and State-Owned Enterprises. Journal of Law and Economics 32(l) l-33. 

The Chinese chemical industry is still at an early stage of development and is highly fragmented. Almost 14,000 companies compete, with state-owned Sinopec and PetroChina the most dominant players. State-owned enterprises are, however, being replaced increasingly by private enterprises. In only four years, the share of private companies in the sector has grown from 23 to 33 percent. 

CIEs are directed at private-sector employers who have registered with the UNEDIC (see above), that is, unemployment insurance. But state-owned enterprises (entreprises nationales) as well as employer associations set up for the purpose of reintegration are permitted to conclude such contracts. 

The rating methodology will be described in some detail to show the depth and complexity of this type of exercise and, in order to have any real value, the rating mechanism must be very thorough. For a number of years, the FT has carried out a survey on corporate reputation, initially restricted to Europe. In 1998 the survey was expanded to cover the world, and renamed the World s Most Respected Companies . The fieldwork was carried out by Mori on-line in Europe, Pricewaterhouse Coopers in Japan and A.C. Nielsen in the rest of the world. The results were obtained by questioning over 650 CEOs of publicly quoted companies in 53 countries, as well as leaders from state-owned enterprises and private companies. 

Privatization occurs when a company moves a business from the public sector to the private sector. The privatized business must stand on its own with less or no government support. Privatization promotes globalization because acquirers of privatized businesses frequently roll up former state-owned enterprises under a multinational umbrella. Also, privatized companies have fewer restrictions that require them to keep operations inside a country. So they can offshore or outsource more freely. This is ambiguous in places like China, where private companies have majority government ownership. 

Fertilizer Production - To encourage investment in fertilizer production, parastatals or state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been created. 

Contractors in China s construction industry can be divided into five distinctive categories state-owned (SOE), collective-owned, funded from Hong Kong, Macao or Taiwan, Foreign Funded and others. SOEs undertook most of the construction projects in the past, however, their relative share is now declining. The state-owned enterprises have a different culture from that of private firms. 

The Polish sulfur industry involved a number of state-owned enterprises ... 

Over-supply and deflation. Individual savings, nearly 40% of GDP, have been channelled into state-owned banks and thence to state-owned enterprises investing at times in expanded capacity despite oversupply. Becauf e large state-owned enterprises need not show a profit to survive, price competition in the domestic market has sometimes reached ruinous levels for many goods. 

Shanxi Synthetic Rubber Group (SSRG) is a first-class, large-scale, state-owned enterprise producing chloroprene rubber, PVC resin, chlorinated PE, caustic soda, calcium carbide, chlorine liquid and cement. The main product of SSRG, chloroprene rubber, has an annual capacity of 25 000 tonnes per year including five types each of dry rubber and rubber latex. 

At the same time, employment in state-owned enterprises has declined sharply, 37%. 

It is estimated that domestic Chinese private companies now account for some 30% of China s GDP. If we add to that the more than 20% from FIEs, and probably another 20% from TVEs, we are looking at an economy already powerfully dominated by non-state-owned enterprises. 

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