Mental disturbance

Deficiency or Toxicity in Humans. Molybdenum deficiency in humans results in deranged metaboHsm of sulfur and purines and symptoms of mental disturbances (130). Toxic levels produce elevated uric acid in blood, gout, anemia, and growth depression. Faulty utiH2ation results in sulfite oxidase deficiency, a lethal inborn error. 

Mental disturbances have been reported after organophosphate exposure. Neuropsychiatric symptoms occurred in two aerial applicators, one of whom used methyl parathion as well as other insecticides. One of these pilots had high levels of exposure to a mixture containing methyl parathion, toxaphene, and Dipterex when his clothing became saturated when the tank of his aircraft accidentally overflowed. Several months after the accident, the subject complained of anxiety, dizziness, emotional lability, and frequent and severe disagreements with family members and associates. Similar observations had been... 

We can reasonably divide such malefactors into the following four groups (1) state-sponsored actors (2) non-state-sponsored actors (3) criminals and (4) mentally disturbed or immature persons. Each of these groups has individual characteristics that impinge on our strategy for bomb detection. However, each also requires the same basic four requirements, namely, motivation, knowledge, capability, and access. 

Criminals and mentally disturbed or immature persons are both likely to be limited by the availability of materials and knowledge. In addition, criminals are quite likely to be more susceptible than the other groups to deterrence by visible and effective security measures. Thus, the first two groups — state-sponsored actors and non-state-sponsored terrorists — are the main threats on which explosives detection needs to focus. Unfortunately, this conclusion implies the need for detection of military, commercial, and improvised explosives and does not greatly help in narrowing down the issues. 

L-Dopa. Dopamine itself cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier however, its natural precursor, L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (levodopa), is effective in replenishing striatal dopamine levels, because it is transported across the blood-brain barrier via an amino acid carrier and is subsequently decarboxy-lated by DOPA-decarboxylase, present in striatal tissue. Decarboxylation also takes place in peripheral organs where dopamine is not needed, likely causing undesirable effects (tachycardia, arrhythmias resulting from activation of Pi-adrenoceptors [p. 114], hypotension, and vomiting). Extracerebral production of dopamine can be prevented by inhibitors of DOPA-decarboxylase (car-bidopa, benserazide) that do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, leaving intracerebral decarboxylation unaffected. Excessive elevation of brain dopamine levels may lead to undesirable reactions, such as involuntary movements (dyskinesias) and mental disturbances. 

Bromocriptine, a dopaminomimetic that is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, possesses expressed antiparkinsonian activity. It is used for treating all phases of idiopathic and post-encephalic Parkinsonism. However, it has a number of undesirable side effects, even causing mental disturbances in long-term use. The most common synonyms are parlodel, bromergon, and others. 

Adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of patients include the following Headache, dizziness, mental disturbances, nausea, diarrhea, and death. 

IV.a.1.7. Mental disturbances. These are probably more common than usually realized, and include euphoria, depression and paranoia, with occasional acute steroid psychosis . 

Side effects are not a major problem, and they can be minimized by graduated dosage increases. They include lassitude, slight nausea, and mental disturbances (in-... 

The discoveries of chlorpromazine and imipramine are generally regarded as greater scientific advances than that of the tranquillizers. However, in making the public aware of the fact that mental disturbances can be treated with... 

Psychopharmaceuticals exert their intended effects in the central nervous system (CNS), where they primarily affect those processes that are involved in the transmission of informat ion between nerve cells. All these drugs act via one or several mechanisms that are thought to be impaired or functioning suboptimally in patients with mental disturbances. Such malfunctioning may... 

For many of the neuropeptides the receptors are known, and more recently non-peptidic, small-molecule antagonists have become available. Application of these antagonists will help to elucidate further the involvement of peptidic neurotransmitters within the nervous system, as well as their contribution to mental disturbances. It is also expected that some of the recently developed antagonists may become useful therapeutic agents. 

Adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, headache, anorexia, difficulty in accommodation and chronic therapy may cause loss of vision due to retinal damage. On prolonged use it may also cause skin rash, photoallergy, myopathy, loss of hearing, greying of hair and mental disturbances. 

To paraphrase William Osier, If you know alcoholism, you know all of medicine. This observation is particularly pertinent given alcohol s myriad neuropsychiatric manifestations, co-morbid mental disturbances, and complicating medical conditions. The interaction between alcohol and its related physical disturbances requires the careful use of various psychotropics to safely detoxify patients and to help prevent more serious medical or emotional complications. The use of BZDs should only... 

Narcosis due lo CO is characterized by mental disturbances which may range from confusion, mania, or drowsiness to deep coma, headache, sweating, muscle twitching, increased intracranial pressure, pounding pulse, low blood pressure, hypothermia, and sometimes papilloedcina. The basic mechanisms by which carbon dioxide induces narcosis is probably through interference with the intracellular enzyme systems, which are all sensitive to pll changes. 

QUALITATIVE COMMENTS (with 60 mg) There was a strange off-baseness for several hours in the middle of the day, which was replaced by amild gastric upset in the evening. The mild mental disturbance is neither visual nor particularly interesting. ... 

Other adverse effects Mental disturbances Encephalopathy Increased risk of thrombosis Posterior cataract... 

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