Toxin fungal

More data are needed on post-harvest storage diseases of organic crops, because chemical controls cannot be used on organic products. This is important in relation to fungal toxins, e.g. aflatoxin. 

Cundliffe, E., Cannon, M., and Davies, J. (1974). Mechanism of inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis b trichothecene fungal toxins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 30-34. 

Colchicine is allelochemical from Colchicium genera, which binds the tubulin and prevents the mitosis (Fig. 2) Cytochalasin B, cell permeable fungal toxin from Helminthosporium dematiodeum, which inhibits cell division by blocking the active polymerization and formation of contractile actomyosin microfilaments, inhibit the germination of microspores (Roshchina, 2005a). Therefore, one mechanism of action of some allelochemicals from plants and... 

A. Taylor, in Microbial Toxins, Volume VII, Algal and Fungal Toxins, S. Kadis, A. Ciegler and S.J. Ajl (eds), Academic Press, New York, 1971, 337-376. 

Pestka, J. J. andCasaleW.L. Naturally occurring fungal toxins. Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 613, 1990. 

Bemdt, W.O., Hayes, A.W. and Baggett, J.M. (1984). Effects of fungal toxins on renal slice calcium balance. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 74(1) 78-85. 

Toxins that attack the central nervous system (botulinum, fungal toxins, and ricin). 

Natural toxins including fungal toxins chemical migration from packaging veterinary drug residues. 

Ruedl, C., Gstrauntaler, G. and Moser, M. (1989). Differential inhibitory activity of the fungal toxin orellanine on alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 991, 280-283. 

Pedras MSC, Abrams SR, Seguin-Swartz G (1988) Isolation of the first naturally occurring epimonothiodioxopiperazine, a fungal toxin produced by Phoma lingam. Tetrahedron Lett 29 3471-3474... 

The aflatoxins are rather unpleasant fungal toxins. At high levels they can cause severe liver damage in animals and humans, and at lower levels they are implicated in liver cancer. These toxins are produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, a common contaminant on nuts and grains. Aflatoxin Bi is the most commonly encountered... 

As individual G actin molecules are always oriented in the same direction relative to one another, F actin consequently has polarity, it has two different ends, at which polymerization takes place at different rates, if the ends are not stabilized by special proteins (as in muscle cells), then at a critical concentration of G actin the (+) end of F actin will constantly grow, while the (-) end simultaneously decays. These partial processes can be blocked by fungal toxins experimentally. Phalloidin, a toxin contained in the Amanita phalloides mushroom, inhibits decay by binding to the (-) end. By contrast, cytochalasins, mold toxins with cytostatic effects, block polymerization by binding to the (+) end. 

In some cases, species differences in toxicity are due to more than one metabolic difference. For example, research on the fungal toxin aflatoxin B1 indicates that humans are particularly susceptible, more so than rodents, with rats being more susceptible than mice. Interestingly, cynomologous monkeys are also relatively insensitive probably due to the lack of constitutive CYP1A2. 

Lead has similarities to calcium, one of the normal second messengers. Other substances can also stimulate PKC, such as phorbol esters and the fungal toxin funionism, which mimic diacylglycerol, another second messenger. 

Aristolochene, parent hydrocarbon of many fungal toxins... 

Plant phenolic compounds have also been suggested to provide a means for preventing the adverse affects that fungal toxins (mycotoxins) have on human health as well as serving in their detoxification (Beekrum et al., 2003). These authors investigated the impact of the plant phenolic... 

Imino Diels-Alder reactions. The neurotoxic fungal toxin slaframine (2) has been synthesized by an intramolecular imino Diels-Alder reaction. The substrate is obtained from the amide 1 via a methylol derivative. These derivatives are best prepared by reaction of the amide with Cs2C03 and paraformaldehyde in dry THF (equation I). When heated they lose acetic acid and undergo cyclization. 

Animal feeds appear to be particularly vulnerable to chemical contamination. Chemical hazards associated with fungal toxins (mycotoxins) were first identified when poultry were adversely affected. Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins... 

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