Chernozem soils

Vertisols formed from amphibolite in the Central African Republic contain 300-1000 mg/kg Cr, 11-200 mg/kg Cu, trace amounts to 6 mg/kg Mo and 60-300 mg/kg Ni (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). In chernozem soils of the flood plains of the Amur region, the average Cr is 400 mg/kg. High Co concentrations (100-300 mg/kg) have been found in soils. Manganese concentrations in lithomorphic vertisols are in the range of 3000-5000 mg/kg. Soils on clayey sediments, solonetses and saline alkali soils contain 50-75, 40-100 and 10-50 mg/kg Ni, respectively. 

Foster, R.K. and McKercher, R.B. Laboratory incubation studies of chlorophenoxyacetic acids in chernozemic soils. Soli Biol. Blochem., 5 333-337, 1973. 

Medvedev VA, Davidov VD. 1981a. The influence of isomers on the transformation rate of phenols in Chernozem soil. In Overcash MR, ed. Decomposition of toxic and nontoxic organic compounds in soil. Ann Arbor, Ml Ann Arbor Sci Publ., 175-181. 

German, R. O. (1836). A chemical investigation of chernozem soils in our southern districts for determining their various properties. Zemled. Zh. Moskov. Obshch. Sel. Khoz 5. 

Ponomarenko, E. V., and Anderson, D. W. (2001). Importance of charred organic matter in Black Chernozem soils of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81,281-297. 

Schmidt, M. W. I., Skjemstad, J. O., and Jager, C. (2002). Carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon Black chernozemic soils in central Europe originate from ancient biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16, Art. No. 1123. 

Campbell et al. (1967) applied sequential extraction to characterize FA, HA, and humin from gray podzolic and chemozemic soils. The fractions of FA and HA extracted by 0.5 M NaOH without acid pretreatment, which they called mobile humates (since the researchers assumed that they are not bound to minerals), had a lower mean residence time (ranging from 85 to 785 for HA, respectively, in the chernozemic and gray podzolic soils) as compared to Ca-humates extracted from humin (1410 years in the chemozemic soil) and to the total FA and HA extracted after acid pretreatment (195-1235 years for HA). This study showed that in the chernozemic soil, Ca-humates and clays play an equally important role in the stabilization of HS, whereas in the podzolic soil the oldest fraction was associated with clays. 

Monreal, C. M., Schnitzer, M., Schulten, H.-R., Campbell, C. A., and Anderson, D. W. (1995). Soil organic structures in macro- and microaggregates of a cultivated Brown Chernozem. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27, 845-853. 

Figure 15.8. 13C CPMAS NMR spectra of the IHSS Pahokee Peat and a Canadian Grassland (black chernozem) soil and their corresponding humin samples. Reprinted from Simpson, M. J., and Johnson, P. C. E. (2006). Identification of mobile aliphatic sorptive domains in soil humin by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Environ. Toxi. Chem. 25, 52-57, with permission from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

Medvedev, V.A., Davidov, V.D. (1981) The transformation of various coke industry products in Chernozem soil. In Decomposition of Toxic and Nontoxic Compounds in Soil. Overcash, M.R., Editor, pp. 245-254., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. 

S. Blagojevic, M. Jakovljevic, B. Zarkovic, InBuence of long-term fertilization on the selenium content of calcareous chernozem soil, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 17 (1998), 183 D187. 

Khan, S. U. 1971. Distribution and characteristics of organic matter extracted from the black solonetzic and black chernozemic soils of Alberta The humic acid fraction. Soil Sci, 112 401. 

Schmidt M. W. I., Skjemstad J. O., Gehrt E., and Kogel-Knabner I. (1999) Charred organic carbon in German chernozemic soils. Euro. J. Soil. Sci. 50, 351-365. 

Nagy, P. (1999) Effect of an artificial metal pollution on nematode assemblage of a calcareous loamy chernozem soil. Plant and Soil, 212, 35-43. 

Khan, S. U. and Sowden, F. J. (1972). Distribution of nitrogen in fulvic acid fractions extracted from the Black Solonetzic and Black Chernozemic soils of Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 52, 116-118. 

Alpine soil zone in the Tibet Platean, and Dark Loessial soil and Chernozem soil zone in central China. These regional different soil sensitivities to acid deposition can be attribnted to the differences in temperature, humidity and soil texture (Hao et al, 1998). It has been shown that the assessment of ecosystem sensitivity to acidic loading depends strongly on the calculation of chemical weathering of soil base cations due to an input of proton with depositions. 

Lying between the broad belt of the eastern podzols and the westeni chernozem soils are the prairie soils, often designated as the Corn Belt soils. As would be expected, there are all gradations between the two groups on either side. Most of these prairie soils received enough rainfall for considerable leaching to occur and for the removal of the calcium into the drainage waters. Calcium deposits in the lower horizons are seldom... 

Campbell (1965) made an extensive study of the carbon-dating method as applied to the study of problems in soil organic matter investigations and found it to be very satisfactory. The mean residence times of humus ftom the Ap-horizon of 5 Saskatchewan soils ranged from 250 years for a gray-wooded podzolic soil to 1000 years for black chernozemic soils the humus from chernozems from Alberta was even older. The calcium humates and non-hydrolyzable humic acids of the chernozems had an age of 1,400 years, whereas the age of the humic acid hydrolysate was only 25 years. This hydrolysate, which was a small fraction of the total humus, accounted for 80% of the nitrogen released per annum the major portion of the soil humus was found to be inert. In general, the humus of podzolic soils was much more labile than that of chernozems. 

It is well to consider chernozem soils first, because they come the nearest to being good agricultural soils of any naturally occurring soils. Since they are formed in regions of low rainfall and mild climate, and under grass vegetation,they are commonly deep soils. 

The effect of electroosmosis is different in different soils. It gives an effect at specific soil moisture contents for western Cis-Caucasus chernozem soil the effect has been found at moisture contents above 25%, and for podzolic soil at moisture contents above 30%. The most favorable soil in this context is a chernozem containing clay and colloidal particles, as the transport of moisture to the cathode depends on the movement of these particles. 

The erosion resistance of soil can be classified not only on the basis of the protection coefficient (see p. 421), but also on the basis of other indices. For example, another index that can be used to characterize the erosion resistance of soils containing sand particles is the ratio of the total quantity of sand to the total quantity of silt and dust fractions. This ratio, in uneroded sandy-loam chernozem soils and dark-chestnut sandy-loam soils, is 3.6 and 2.9, respectively in the corresponding eroded soils, the values are 6.6 and 5.2 i.e., twice as high. 

Another possible index of erosion for chernozem soils is the content of humus, which consists mainly of particles ranging in size from 0.001 to 1 mm. The humus makes the soil cohesive the higher the humus content, the more resistant will the soil be to erosion. In water erosion, however, the humus is washed away by the water flow. This can be seen by comparing the particle size distribution for a calcareous chernozem before and after washing with water at a depth of no more than 10 mm [350] ... 

ST ARNAUD R.J. and SEPHTON G.A. 1972. Contribution of clay and organic matter to cation-exchcuige capacity of Chernozem soils. 

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