Rock, basic

Acidic rock Inter- mediat e rock Basic rock Ultra- mafic rock Sand- stone Shale Carbo nate Gneis s Leptit e Amphi bolite Meta- pelite Marbl e Alluvia I plain soil Soil Stream sedimen t shallow sea edimen t... 

However, both 7 and 14 8 chlorites are considered to be iron-rich when found in low temperature environments. Why are the diagenetic or authi-genic chlorites found in sedimentary rocks ferrous The answer can be found in the phase relations of the minerals common in sedimentary rocks. Basically, 14 8 chlorite is formed either through the destabilization of the montmorillonite-illite mixed layered mineral or kaolinite in the majority of argillaceous sedimentary rocks (Dunoyer de Segonzac, 1969 van Moort, 1971 Perry and Hower, 1970 Muffler and White, 1969). The increase in chlorite content is frequently observed in the presence of illite or a mixed layered mineral with a high non-expandable layer content. 

Controlled-Release Phosphate Fertilizers. Several controlled-release phosphates have been produced commercially. Important among them are ground phosphate rock, basic slag, and fused calcium magnesium phosphate. These products have been discussed earlier. 

The basics of the method are simple. Reflections occur at all layers in the subsurface where an appreciable change in acoustic impedance is seen by the propagating wave. This acoustic impedance is the product of the sonic velocity and density of the formation. There are actually different wave types that propagate in solid rock, but the first arrival (i.e. fastest ray path) is normally the compressional or P wave. The two attributes that are measured are... 

Percentage of meteorites seen to fall. Chondrites. Over 90% of meteorites that are observed to fall out of the sky are classified as chondrites, samples that are distinguished from terrestrial rocks in many ways (3). One of the most fundamental is age. Like most meteorites, chondrites have formation ages close to 4.55 Gyr. Elemental composition is also a property that distinguishes chondrites from all other terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples. Chondrites basically have undifferentiated elemental compositions for most nonvolatile elements and match solar abundances except for moderately volatile elements. The most compositionaHy primitive chondrites are members of the type 1 carbonaceous (Cl) class. The analyses of the small number of existing samples of this rare class most closely match estimates of solar compositions (5) and in fact are primary source solar or cosmic abundances data for the elements that cannot be accurately determined by analysis of lines in the solar spectmm (Table 2). Table 2. Solar System Abundances of the Elements ... 

Fig. 8. World trends in types of phosphate fertilizers consumed, where (—) represents ammonium phosphates and multinutrient compounds (— normal superphosphate ( ), triple superphosphate and (— —), basic slag and raw rock.

Triple (Concentrated) Superphosphate. The first important use of phosphoric acid in fertilizer processing was in the production of triple superphosphate (TSP), sometimes called concentrated superphosphate. Basically, the production process for this material is the same as that for normal superphosphate, except that the reactants are phosphate rock and phosphoric acid instead of phosphate rock and sulfuric acid. The phosphoric acid, like sulfuric acid, solubilizes the rock and, in addition, contributes its own content of soluble phosphoms. The result is triple superphosphate of 45—47% P2 s content as compared to 16—20% P2 5 normal superphosphate. Although triple superphosphate has been known almost as long as normal superphosphate, it did not reach commercial importance until the late 1940s, when commercial supply of acid became available. 

Primary cmshers are of two basic types compression or impact. Compression cmshers typified by the jaw, cone, and gyratory primary cmshers, operate by the slow appHcation of pressure which causes the rock to crack and mpture. In contrast, impact cmshers, on which impact breakers and... 

Geochemical Nature and Types of Deposits. The cmst of the earth contains approximately 2—3 ppm uranium. AlkaHc igneous rock tends to be more uraniferous than basic and ferromagnesian igneous rocks (10). Elemental uranium oxidizes readily. The solubiHty and distribution of uranium in rocks and ore deposits depend primarily on valence state. The hexavalent uranium ion is highly soluble, the tetravalent ion relatively insoluble. Uraninite, the most common mineral in uranium deposits, contains the tetravalent ion (II). 

Cadmium Sulfide. CdS [1306-23-6] is dimorphic and exists ia the sphalerite (cubic) and wurtzite (hexagonal) crystal stmctures (40). At very high pressures it may exist also as a rock-salt stmcture type. It is oxidized to the sulfate, basic sulfate, and eventually the oxide on heating ia air to 700°C, especially ia the preseace of moisture (9). 

Diamonds are found in ancient volcanic pipes embedded in a relatively soft, dark coloured basic rock called blue ground or kimberlite , from the South African town of Kimberley where such pipes were first discovered in 1870. Diamonds... 

Barzahlung, /. cash payment, bas., abbrev. (basisch) basic, basaltahnlich, a. basaltoid, basaltic. Basalt-eisenerz, n. basaltic iron ore. -felsen, m. basaltic rock, basallfdrmig, a. basaltiform. 

Oil and gas are usually associated with sedimentary rocks. The three basic types of sedimentaiy rocks are shales, sands, and carbonates. The shales are the sources of the hydrocarbons while the sands and carbonates act as the conduits and/or the containers. 

Migration 244. Accumulation 245. Structural Geology 246. Traps 251. Basic Engineering Rock Properties 254, Basic Etigineering Soil Properties 266. 

It is estimated that the earth s age is in the neighborhood of 4 to 7 billion years. These estimates are basically derived from carbon-14, potassium-40, uranium-235, and uranium-238 dating of earth rocks and meteorites. The meteorites give important data as to the age of our solar system. Geologic time is felt to be represented by the presence of rock intervals in the geologic column (layers of rock formations in vertical depth) or by the absence of equivalent rocks in correlative columns in adjacent locations [25,26]. The two basic factors that are used to determine geologic time are ... 

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