Chernozems

The optimum conditions of heavy metals extraction from ordinary chernozem in different solvents are selected both at determination of the mobile forms of elements, and at an estimation of their gross contents. It is established, that the stage of elements extraction in the greater measure depends on time of action and intensity of ultrasonic, nature of selected solvents and determinated elements. It is shown, that for all type of soils the time of low frequency ultrasonic action does not exceed 10 minutes, and the intensity ranges in an interval of 3-4 W/cm. ... 

Fig. 11-12 Detrital carbon dynamics for the 0-20 cm layer of chernozem grassland soil. Carbon pools (kg C/ m ) and annual transfers (kg C/m per year) are indicated. Total profile content down to 20 cm is 10.4 kg C/m. (Reproduced with permission from W. H. Schlesinger (1977). Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8,51-81, Annual Reviews, Inc.)...

The vast loess and till plains are now colonized by grasses and/or forest. They are the home of some of the best soils of the world the black earths . Deep, black Chernozems occupy the central parts of the Eurasian and North American steppe zones. Brown Kastanozems are typical of the drier parts of the steppe zone and border on arid and semi-arid lands. Dusky red Phaeozems occur in slightly more humid areas such as the American prairies and pampas. 

Vertisols formed from amphibolite in the Central African Republic contain 300-1000 mg/kg Cr, 11-200 mg/kg Cu, trace amounts to 6 mg/kg Mo and 60-300 mg/kg Ni (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). In chernozem soils of the flood plains of the Amur region, the average Cr is 400 mg/kg. High Co concentrations (100-300 mg/kg) have been found in soils. Manganese concentrations in lithomorphic vertisols are in the range of 3000-5000 mg/kg. Soils on clayey sediments, solonetses and saline alkali soils contain 50-75, 40-100 and 10-50 mg/kg Ni, respectively. 

In chernozems formed on serpentinite diluvium, Co content is in the range of 10-30 mg/kg, while in chestnut and chestnut vertic soils, Co concentrations vary from 3-15 and 15-45 mg/kg, respectively. Soils on basalt, andesite and gabbro contain 15-68 mg/kg total Cu. Total Mn in chernozems is in the range of 520-850 mg/kg. Chestnut soils have 42-106 mg/kg Zn content. Total Zn in saline alkali soils is in the range of 40-60 mg/kg Zn. Bioavailable Zn (ammonium acetate-extractable Zn) in chernozems, chestnut soils and saline alkali soils of the steppe zones varies from trace amounts to 3.8 mg/kg (1-8.3% of total Zn). In chernozems of Northern Bulgaria, total B is in the range of 25-53 mg/kg. Boron increases in saline soils and saline alkali soils. 

In the Ural-Sakmara basin, total Cu is 60-70 mg/kg in chernozems on secondary sediments. Chestnut soils on weathered basic rocks in the Or-Kumak basin contain higher Cu (88-96 mg/kg). The average Pb concentrations are 11-25 mg/kg in chernozems derived from serpentinite and secondary/tertiary sediments of the Ural-Sakmara basin. Soils in the Ural-Sakmara basin on serpentinite contain 133 mg/kg total Ni. 

In soils of Azerbaidzhan, Co varies from 10-80 mg/kg. Some chernozems contain 100 mg/kg total Co. Total Mo is 0.5-3.3 mg/kg in the chernozems of southern Poland. 

In chernozems derived on loess of Cluj and Dobrudja regions of Romania, total Cu is in the range of 25-45 mg/kg. Chernozems formed on loess contain 73 mg/kg of total Zn and 17-30 mg/kg of total Ni. 

Pavaleyev T. Boron in chernozems and gray forest soils of northern Bulgaria. Sov Soil Sci 1958 9 1042-1048. 

Kandeler E, Kampichler C, Horak O (1996) Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities. Biol Fertil Soils 23 299-306 Kandeler E, Tscherko D, Spiegel H (1999) Long-term monitoring of microbial biomass, N mineralisation and enzyme activities of a Chernozem under different tillage management. Biol Fertil Soils 28 343-351... 

South American Meadow Steppe Chernozems, Vertisols Eastern Pampa 0.8 0.95 0.8... 

Steppe Chernozems, Kastanozems Solonetzes European Kazakhstan 0.7 0.57 0.4... 

Content of chemical elements and their ratios are close to optimum Phaerozems, Chernozems and Kastanozems. I deficiency is common in river valleys Content of many nutrients is optimal in soils and forage crops in some places, the I deficiency of P, K, Mn, and I occurs Endemic increase of thyroid gland and endemic goiter take place in Phaerozems and Floodplain soils... 

Cu deficit, excess of Mo and SO Pre-Caucasian plain, Caspian low plain, West Siberian Steppe ecosystems Meadow-Steppe, Eustric Chernozems, Solonchaks, Arenosols The reducing Cu content in the central nervous systems, depressed function of oxidation ferments and activation of catalase, demielinization of the central nervous systems, disturbance of motion, convulsions. Endemic ataxia. Lamb disease is predominant... 

Cu excess South Ural and Bashkortostan Cu enrichment of Chernozems, Kastanozems of Steppe ecosystems and Podsoluvisols of Forest ecosystems. High Cu content in food and forage stuffs Excessive accumulation of Cu in all organs. Progressive exhaustion. Endemic anemia and hepatitis. Sheep diseases. Human endemic anemia and hepatitis... 

Kamennaya steppe 5.0 415 DsciAxtoa/Quercus robur Chernozems A1... 

In Forest Steppe biogeochemical province with Eutric Phaerozems and Distric Chernozems, enriched in all trace metals, such illnesses as lung and stomach cancer, tumor of cerebrum and spinal cord, and nephritis are predominant, whereas the Addison-Bearmer anemia, progressive myopia and glaucoma are relatively seldom. 

Figure 2. Bio geochemical mapping of the Chuvash administration region, Russia. Bio-geochemical regions 1—Pre-Kubnozivilsk, 2—Pre-Sura, 3—Pre-Volga, 4—Biogeochemical provinces—(a) silicon (b) fluorine, and(c) nitrate, Soils 5—Podzoluvisols, 6—Phaerozems, 7—Chernozems, 8—Arenosols.

Figure 2. Dowload distribution of mobile forms (IN HCl) of zinc (1), copper (2) and humus (3) in Chernozem profile (Dobrovolsky, 1994).

Table 5. Distribution of Co in Calcaric Chernozem and Chestnut soil of Meadow Steppe ecosystem in the south part of East European Plain.

CNcrit, included in the calculation of critical nitrogen leaching, Ni(crit), values, the input of this endpoint parameter into the uncertainty of CL(N) is expressed in a lesser degree. Furthermore, the runoff processes are practically not significant for ecosystems of Luvic Phaeozems, Chernozems and Kashtanozems due to low P PE ratio. During the calculations of CL(N) for ecosystems of North East Asia, the values of critical immobilization and denitrification from N depositions as the endpoints both in relative and absolute meanings played a subordinate role that obviously reflects their minor contribution into uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the computed output values of ecosystem sensitivity to acidic deposition. 

PCB-153 at temperature 25 °C can be found in (Shatalov et al 2001). Modeling was performed at soil organic carbon content foe = 5% typical of usual chernozem. The wet precipitation flux was assumed equal to Jw = 10 cm/yr. 

Foster, R.K. and McKercher, R.B. Laboratory incubation studies of chlorophenoxyacetic acids in chernozemic soils. Soli Biol. Blochem., 5 333-337, 1973. 

Medvedev VA, Davidov VD. 1981a. The influence of isomers on the transformation rate of phenols in Chernozem soil. In Overcash MR, ed. Decomposition of toxic and nontoxic organic compounds in soil. Ann Arbor, Ml Ann Arbor Sci Publ., 175-181. 

Thiele, S. (2000). Adsorption of the antibiotic pharmaceutical compound sulfapyridine by a long-term differently fertihzed loess Chernozem. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 163 589-594. 

The results of elementary analyses of lignin isolated from fresh (2, 3) and rotted straw and data for different types of coals and humic acids isolated from these and from chernozem are shown in Table III to illustrate further steps of coalification. The following points should be noted ... 

The low carbon content of humic acids isolated from rotted straw and chernozem may be caused not only by oxidizing processes but also by the... 

---