Pharmaceuticals antibiotics

Among pharmaceuticals, antibiotics have become of special concern in recent years. The reason is that these substances are continuously being introduced into the environment and may spread and maintain bacterial resistance in the different compartments. Sulfonamides are very commonly used antimicrobials in humans but mainly in veterinary medicine, due to their broad spectrum of activity and low cost, being the second most widely used veterinary antibiotic in the EU. Their occurrence has been reported in all kinds of water matrices their high excretion rates (after their intake by humans of livestock) and high water solubility make them very ubiquitous and persistent pollutants in the environment. 

Thiele-Bruhn S (2003) Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils - a review. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 166 145-167... 

Thiele-Bmhn S. (2003). Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils—A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 166 145-167. 

Thiele-Bmhn S., T. Seibicke, H.-R. Schulten, and P. Leinweber (2004). Sorption of sulfonamide pharmaceutical antibiotics on whole soils and particle-size fractions. Journal of Environmental Quality 33 1331-1342. 

It is of historical interest that Fowler s solution, which contains 1% potassium arsenite, was widely used as a medicine for many conditions from the eighteenth century through the mid twentieth century. Organic arsenicals were the first pharmaceutical antibiotics and were widely used for the first half of the twentieth century until supplanted by penicillin and other more effective and less toxic agents. 

Tschmelak, J., G. Proll, and G. Gauglitz. 2005. Optical biosensor for pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, hormones, endocrine disrupting chemicals and pesticides in water Assay optimization process for estrone as example. Talanta 65 313-323. 

Macrolides and polyethers such as erythromycin A (4), FK 506, rapamycin or avermectin A (5, Scheme 1) are products of modular type I polyketide-synthases. These compounds are distinguished by extraordinary structural diversity and complexity [1,2]. Because of their biological potency, members of this structural class as well as the aromatic polycyclic products of type II polyketide-synthases, tetracyclines and anthara-cyclines, e.g. adriamycin (6), became useful as pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, cytostatics, immunosuppressives) [1,2],... 

To use or not to use capital letters trade names force the writer into a Hamlet r61e. No decision has been necessary with many pharmaceuticals, antibiotics etc. which appear only in tables. I have used chiefly small letters, departing from this very rough rule with adsorbents, dyes, insecticides and other miscellaneous products which are newer and less classical thus silica gel, methyl red, aldrin but Sephadex, Palatine East Green, Rogor. Here, too, I hope to have offended neither firms nor individuals. 

Loffler, D. and Ternes, T.A. (2003) Determination of acidic pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and ivermectin in river sediment using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1021,133-144. 

Dichloroacetic acid, CHCI2-COOH, is produced by hydrolyzing dichloroacetyi chloride, which is obtained by the oxydation of trichloroethane. Dichloroacetic acid and its derivatives (esters) are intermediates in organic synthesis for pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and crop protection agents. 

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