Discussion of the Principles

Power. There are two main ways to measure the power deUvered by the driver to the pump. The first method is to install a torque meter between the pump and the driver. A torque meter is a rotating bat having a strain gauge to measure shear deformation of a torqued shaft. Discussion of the principle of torque meter operation is available (16). The benefit of this method is direct and accurate measurements. The power deUveted to the pump from the driver is calculated from torque, T, and speed (tpm) in units of brake horsepower, ie, BHP (eq. 4a) when Tis in lbs-ft, and kW (eq. 4b) when T is N-m. 

Copper—chromium and copper—nickel—silicon—chromium alloys are also precipitation hardenable. The precipitates are nickel sdicides, chromium silicides, and elemental chromium. If conductivity is critical, the chromium—silicon ratio should be held at 10 1 so that appreciable amounts of either element are not left in soHd solution in the copper after aging. Lithium can be used as a deoxidizer in copper alloys when conductivity is important. For a discussion of the principle of age- or precipitation-hardening copper alloys, see Copperalloys,wrought copperalloys. 

Persoone, G., Janssen, C., and De Coen, W. (Eds.) (2000). New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Testing and Screening—An extensive review of bioassay systems and toxicity tests that also contains some valuable discussion of the principles that underlie them. 

We begin this chapter with a discussion of the principles of redox reactions, including redox stoichiometry. Then we introduce the principles of electrochemishy. Practical examples of redox chemistry, including corrosion, batteries, and metallurgy, appear throughout the chapter. 

We do, however, also include brief discussion of the principles and application of U-Th-Pb dating which can theoretically be applied to material up to the age of the Earth. 

The authors thank Ahmed F. Abdel-Magid, David A. Cherry, Joseph H. Childers, Robert J. Duda, John T. Hortensine, and John E. Mills for their support in providing standards and samples. We thank Dennis C. Liotta and his students, who worked on the LANA process, and David A. Cherry and John E. Mills for their contributions to the LANA process development. We thank Daksha M. Desai and Robin C. Stanzione for their helpful discussion of the principles of reversed phase liquid chromatography. 

The pumping of liquids is covered by Volume 1, Chapter 8. Reference should be made to that chapter for a discussion of the principles of pump design and illustrations of the more commonly used pumps. 

Fuzzy logic is often presented as an extension in books that cover expert systems. Few texts exist in which the applications of fuzzy logic to scientific problems are described, but several texts include more general discussions of the principles and practical implementation of this method. Among the best is Negnevitsky s text on intelligent systems.9... 

Robinson and Walsh have reviewed earlier cell designs. The performance of a 500 A pilot plant reactor for copper ion removal is described. Simplified expressions were derived for mass transport both in single pass [243] and batch recirculation [244]. For a detailed discussion of the principle and the role of the rotating cylinder electrode reactor in metal ion removal the reader is referred to Refs. [13] and [241] (46 references). 

IV Discussion of the Principles Controlling and of the Factors Impairing the Formation of the Intermediate Compound between Carbohydrates and Their Specific Enzymes... 

Deviations from ideality in real solutions have been discussed in some detail to provide an experimental and theoretical basis for precise calculations of changes in the Gibbs function for transformations involving solutions. We shall continue our discussions of the principles of chemical thermodynamics with a consideration of some typical calculations of changes in Gibbs function in real solutions. 

For a detailed discussion of the principles of exterior ballistics, see the Refs Refs 1) C. Cranz, Lehrbuch der Ballistik , Vol 1, Berlin (1925) and Erganzungsband , Berlin (1936) 2) T.J. Hayes, Elements of... 

The two terms have different meaning. By data we mean raw output from the sensor, usually in the form of an electrical signal. In a well-behaved individual sensor, the relationship between the output signal and the concentration of a specific analyte is defined and reproducible. This is what we have learned so far from the discussion of the principles of the individual sensors in the preceding chapters. 

What follows is a detailed discussion of the principles of operation and practical limitations of analysers based on scanning monochromators. Included in this discussion will also be the background information on NIR source and detector technologies, which are in fact common to all of the NIR spectroscopic technologies listed above. 

Following our discussions of the principle differences between the various working modes of LC-NMR, we will now describe the practical aspects of the measurements, and in particular the possibilities of using automation routines. 

Further information about the indoor environment is found in Axelrad et al., (1995) and Spengler et al., (2001). Further discussions of the principles of setting guidelines for indoor air quality (IAQ) can be found in Cochet et al., (2006). 

See the next section for a discussion of the principles of good composition. These principles include a strong center of interest, a predetermined direction for the movements of a viewer s eye, a balance of parts, and interesting use of positive and negative space. They provide some basic common denominators to visual expression. However, there are unlimited possibilities for a meaningful arrangement of these common denominators. The more unique the arrangement, the more powerful the work of art. 

The subject of potentiometric titrations has been exhaustively treated by the classic monograph by Kolthoff and Furman.1 Although the second edition was published in 1931, it is still the definitive work. Unfortunately, it is no longer in print, but it is available in many chemical libraries. A complete and thorough discussion of the principles and theory of potentiometric titrations is provided, together with an extremely extensive summary of the many applications of potentiometric measurements. 

The realization that both matter and radiation interact as waves led Werner Heisenberg to the conclusion in 1927 that the act of observation and measurement requires the interaction of one wave with another, resulting in an inherent uncertainty in the location and momentum of particles. This inability to measure phenomena at the subatomic level is known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and it applies to the location and momentum of electrons in an atom. A discussion of the principle and Heisenberg s other contributions to quantum theory is located here http //www.aip.org/historv/heisenberg/. 

An extensive discussion of the principles of lire physics and chemistry and the behavior of materials in fire can be found in the following books ... 

The specific practices and laboratory skills associated with individual experiments are briefly identified below to provide the instructor with an overview and assist in selecting experiments. A discussion of the principles to be presented and emphasized is discussed in the following section of this Introduction. The subsequent section emphasizes the safety precautions to be maintained in the radioanalytical chemistry laboratory. 

As mentioned above, the field-effect experiments on a-Si H have been of basic importance to the subject of this article, and we shall therefore begin with a brief discussion of the principles underlying this experimental method. 

This volume which deals with rapid radiochemical separations Is the fourth In a series of monographs on radiochemical techniques which will parallel the series on the radiochemistry of the elements. The same general style Is used in both series of monographs, Including general reviews of the technique, discussions of the principles involved, a detailed survey of applications to different systems, and a collection of selected procedures which use this technique as reported in the literature. 

Chromatographic Separation. Chromatographic separation of protein mixtures has become one of the most effective and widely used means of purifying individual proteins. A more detailed discussion of the principles of chromatography and their application to the separation of protein mixtures is presented in Experiment 2 and is also illustrated in Experiments 8 and 10. 

Pascal s own discussion of the principle is not concisely stated and can be misleading if hastily read. See his On the Equilibrium Of Liquids, 1663. He inroduces the principle with the example of a piston as part of an enclosed vessel and considers what happens if a force is applied to that piston. He concludes that each portion of the vessel is pressed in proportion to its area. He does mention parenthetically that he is excluding the weight of the water..., for I am speaking only of the piston s effect. ... 

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