Radioactive chemicals monitoring

The chapter on Radioactive chemicals (Chapter 11) has been updated. Considerations of safety in design (Chapter 12) are presented separately from systems of work requirements, i.e. Operating procedures (Chapter 13). Tlie considerations for Marketing and transportation of hazardous chemicals are now addressed in two separate chapters (Chapters 14 and 15). Chemicals and the Environment are now also covered in two chapters (Chapters 16 and 17) to reflect the requirement that the impact of chemicals on the environment should be properly assessed, monitored and controlled. Although a substantial contribution to atmospheric pollution is made by emissions from road vehicles and other means of transport, and this is now strictly legislated for, this topic is outside the scope of this text. Chapter 18 provides useful conversion factors to help with the myriad of units used internationally. 

Radioactive chemicals, See also Chemicals Transportation control measures, See Precautions exposure limits, 393 hazards, 391 monitoring, 393 types, 391... 

CFR109-43.307-2.50 4.4.2 Monitoring of Hazardous Chemicals for Radioactive/Chemical Contamination - To prevent inadvertent release of hazardous personal property from the DOE sites by transfer or sale to the public, all hazardous or suspected hazardous property chemicals shall be checked for radioactive or chemical contamination by enviromnental, safety, and health officials. 

A radioactive chemical" laboratory and radioactive sampling and monitoring room is located between the turbine drive bay and the auxiliary system cell. 

Percutaneous absorption of BP has been determined in Rhesus monkeys using " C-radiolabeled BP (Bronaugh et al. 1990). It should be noted that the purpose of this study was to examine the absorption and excretion of dermally-applied compounds used in fragrances, including BP. A single dose of radiolabeled-BP in acetone was applied to abdominal skin of the monkeys, and the level of radioactivity was monitored in the urine for up to 5 days. While 92.6 % of the radiolabel did appear in the urine of the monkeys, there was no attempt to determine the chemical nature the radioactive compounds that were excreted (e.g., parent BP or its metabohtes). 

The addition of tracer chemicals to an injection fluid provides information on the permeability of a reservoir. Small amounts of a tracer are added to the injected fluid and the distribution of the tracer at the production well is monitored with respect to time. Radioactive tracers and nonradioactive tracers... 

Tracers have been used to label fluids in order to track fluid movement and monitor chemical changes of the injected fluid. Radioactive materials are one class of commonly used tracers. These tracers have several drawbacks. One drawback is that they require special handling because of the danger posed to personnel and the environment. Another drawback is the alteration by the radioactive materials of the natural isotope ratio indigenous to the reservoir— thereby interfering with scientific analysis of the reservoir fluid characteristics. In addition, the half life of radioactive tracers tends to be either too long or too short for practical use. 

Expired air. For 14C-labeled chemicals, the tracer carbon may be incorporated in vivo into carbon dioxide, a possible metabolic product. Therefore, when the position of the radiolabel indicates the potential for biological instability, a pilot study to collect expired air and monitor its radioactivity content should be conducted prior to initiating a full-scale study. Expired air studies should also be performed in situations where the radiolabel has been postulated to be stable but analyses of urine and feces from the toxicokinetic study fail to yield complete recovery (mass balance) of the dose. 

Chemical sensors that can be used to identify potential threats to process water and industrial wastewater systems include inorganic monitors (e.g., chlorine analyzer), organic monitors (e.g., total organic carbon analyzer), and toxicity meters. Radiological meters can be used to measure concentrations of several different radioactive species. 

Threats to chemical facilities from radioactive contamination could involve two major scenarios. First, the facility or its assets could be contaminated, preventing workers from accessing and operating the facility/assets. Second, the feed water supply could be contaminated. These two scenarios require different threat reduction strategies. The first scenario requires that facilities monitor for radioactive substances as they are brought on-site the second requires that feed water assets be monitored for radioactive contamination. While the effects of radioactive contamination are basically the same under both threat types, each of these threats requires different types of radiation monitoring and different types of equipment. 

Radioactive unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously emitting particles and energy Radioactive Tracer a radioactive substance used to monitor the movement and behavior of a chemical in biological processes and chemical reactions... 

One of the most popular radiometric techniques is that of radiometric titrations. In a radiometric titration, the unknown is titrated with a radioactive reagent, and the radioactivity of the product or supernate, formed by the chemical reaction of the reagent and the unknown material, is monitored as a function of titrant volume to determine the endpoint. This means that the radioactive component being followed must be isolated during the titration and its activity measured—that is, a discontinuous titration. 

The similarities are of the following kinds. First, neither classification system includes a general class of exempt waste. Second, neither classification system is comprehensive, because the classification system for radioactive waste distinguishes between fuel-cycle and NARM waste and the classification system for hazardous chemical waste excludes many potentially important wastes that contain hazardous chemicals. Third, any waste must be managed and disposed of in a manner that is expected to protect public health and the environment. In addition, the approach to disposal of hazardous chemical waste under RCRA, which emphasizes monitoring of releases from disposal facilities and an intention to maintain institutional control over disposal sites for as long as the waste remains hazardous, is applied to disposal of uranium or thorium mill tailings under AEA. 

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