Variables chemical

The measurement of pH is also used to control NH3 feeding in glutamic acid fermentation [2]. 

Oxidation-Reduction Potential Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is measured by an ORP probe, which is effective to monitor the redox potential of a bioreactor operated under microaerobic conditions that cannot be successfully measured by a DO probe. The measurements of redox are sometimes influenced by changes in the pH and mineral concentrations of a culture broth. 

COj/Oj in the Off-Gas CO2 evolution from a bioreactor is closely related to the physiological state and the activity of microorganisms in a bioreactor because CO, evolves as a result of catabolism and respiration by microorganisms or cells. Therefore, it is helpful to measure the content of CO2/O2 in the exhaust gas in order to understand the physiological climate of a bioreactor. The CO2 and O2 content in the exhaust gas are taken from the streamline and analyzed by infrared spectrophotometer (CO2) and galvanic cell probe (O,). The wet off-gas must be desiccated before being introduced into the gas analyzer. 

The analysis of CO2 and O2 content is widely employed in industrial bioprocesses. For example, the O2 consumption rate is known to be proportional to the heat generation and respiration rates. The CO2 evolution rate and total CO2 evolution can be an index for the estimation of the carbon source consumption rate and total carbon source consumption. The data are also used for the calculation of the RQ, which is discussed later. 

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Fiberglass manufacturing scrubber sludge Secondary and synthetic fiber Chemicals Variable-volume filter press 3 37... 

Finally, Figs 19-3g-j illustrate the accelerated rate of change that has occurred for some of these atmospheric chemical variables for the three decades from 1957 to the present. The O3 column data (g) are for the month of October at Flalley Bay, Antarctica, while the remainder are global mean values. 

Eisenberg JNS, McKone TE. 1998. Decision tree method for the classification of chemical pollutants Incorporation of across-chemical pollutants Incorporation of across-chemical variability and within-chemical uncertainty. Environ Sci Technol 32 3396-3404. 

Castola, V., A. Bighelli and Casanova, J. 2000. Intraspecific chemical variability of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Corsica. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28 79-88. 

Marr, K. L. and Tang, C. S. 1992. Volatile insecticidal compounds and chemical variability of Hawaiian Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) species. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 20 209-217. 

Lead is toxic to all phyla of aquatic biota, but its toxic action is modified by species and physiological state, and by physical and chemical variables. Wong et al. (1978) stated that only soluble waterborne lead is toxic to aquatic biota, and that free cationic forms are more toxic than complexed forms. The biocidal properties of soluble lead are also modified significantly by water hardness as hardness increases, lead becomes less bioavailable because of precipitation increases (NRCC 1973). In salmonids, for example, the toxicity and fate of lead are influenced by the calcium status of the organism, and this relationship may account for the reduced effects of lead in hard or estuarine waters. In coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), an increase in waterborne or dietary calcium reduced uptake and retention of lead in skin and skeleton (Varanasi and Gmur 1978). 

Hughes, R.E. (1994). Intrasource chemical variability of artefact-quality obsidians from the Casa Diablo area, California. Journal of Archaeological Science 21 263-271. 

Despite its simplicity, the statistical method has been quite successful in predicting the effect of various chemical variables on network formation (cf. e.g. [29, 30, 34-37]). Since the internal structure of the gel can be characterized to a certain degree by the statistical method (e.g. average size of dangling chains and weight fraction of material in them), these methods offer a basis for correlations between structure and viscoelastic properties. 

We will first illustrate how chemical variables affect surface charge and surface potential. Then we will discuss more quantitatively a physical stability model which depends on the surface potential (which, in turn, has been determined by chemical factors). 

Abbreviations are your friends. You can save time by using commonly accepted abbreviations for chemical variables and graphical curves. With practice, you will get more adept at their use. There are a number of abbreviations present in the additional information supplied with the test. If you use any other abbreviations, make sure you define them. 

In the phase space formed by the concentrations of the chemical variables involved in the reaction, sustained oscillations correspond to the evolution towards a closed curve called a limit cycle [17]. The time taken to travel once along the closed curve represents the period of the oscillations. When a single... 

The combinatorial effects of such chemical variability of chromatin, can be used as an informational tool or to directly modulate the physical and thermodynamic constraints of this nucleoprotein assembly. In the first instance a chemical signature can be used as a targeting mechanism to allow the recognition of regulatory regions by traw -acting factors or by ATP-dependent (i.e., SWI/SNF) or... 

In this template, the lead compound fragment and the two pharmacophoric groups are separated by wildcard designations that denote where chemical variability can occur. 

Environmental studies are often characterized by large numbers of variables measured on many samples. When poor understanding of the system exists one tends to rely upon the "measure everything and hope that the obvious will appear" approach. The problem is that in complex chemical systems significant patterns in the data are not always obvious when one examines the data one variable at a time. Interactions among the measured chemical variables tend to dominate the data and this useful information is not extracted by univariate approaches. 

Snyder, M. A. (1992). Selective herbivoty by Abert s squirrel mediated by chemical variability in ponderosa pine. Ecology 73,1730-1741. 

The Presumed Probability Density Function method is developed and implemented to study turbulent flame stabilization and combustion control in subsonic combustors with flame holders. The method considers turbulence-chemistry interaction, multiple thermo-chemical variables, variable pressure, near-wall effects, and provides the efficient research tool for studying flame stabilization and blow-off in practical ramjet burners. Nonreflecting multidimensional boundary conditions at open boundaries are derived, and implemented into the current research. The boundary conditions provide transparency to acoustic waves generated in bluff-body stabilized combustion zones, thus avoiding numerically induced oscillations and instabilities. It is shown that predicted flow patterns in a combustor are essentially affected by the boundary conditions. The derived nonreflecting boundary conditions provide the solutions corresponding to experimental findings. 

Urea in kidney dialysate can be determined by immobilizing urease (via silylation or with glutaraldehyde as binder) on commercially available acid-base cellulose pads the process has to be modified slightly in order not to alter the dye contained in the pads [57]. The stopped-flow technique assures the required sensitivity for the enzymatic reaction, which takes 30-60 s. Synchronization of the peristaltic pumps PI and P2 in the valveless impulse-response flow injection manifold depicted in Fig. 5.19.B by means of a timer enables kinetic measurements [62]. Following a comprehensive study of the effect of hydrodynamic and (bio)chemical variables, the sensor was optimized for monitoring urea in real biological samples. A similar system was used for the determination of penicillin by penicillinase-catalysed hydrolysis. The enzyme was immobilized on acid-base cellulose strips via bovine serum albumin similarly as in enzyme electrodes [63], even though the above-described procedure would have been equally effective. 

There are several works that have studied more or less the relevant phenomena in a systematic manner(3zl3> but little is understood yet. So we thought that it would be informative to change the chemical species that forms the vesicles to some other species. This corresponds to changing "chemical variables" Just as one changes physical variables such as temperature and pressure. 

Among these methods, multicalibration (multivariate Calibration) is important. Multicalibration is the final development of indirect analytical methods. The analytical method has been previously defined as the whole of operational steps (reactions, separations,.. .) that lead to a highly selective endpoint where one measured physical variable is univocally related to one chemical variable (quantity, concentration,... ) this correlation is shown by the calibration curve (a straight line, generally). Multicalibration brinp a complete change of this definition the analytical method is the whole of chemical and mathematical operations that enable us to reach a multivariate selective system where several measured physical quantities are univocally related to several chemical quantities the correlation is shown by the calibration hypersurface. Multicalibration is surely destined to used with great effect in many areas in the future. 

According to the type of block Y, the correlation can be used for different problems. The correlation between different chemical variables is used to investigate whether some quantities can be evaluated from others, so that the measurement of the first quantities can be avoided (major and minor chemical components, traces), or whether the relationships between the groups of chemical variables can be reduced (e.g., acid and sterolic fraction). 

Multivariate calibration is based on the correlation between chemical and physical variables, it is the transformation of a lack of univariate selectivity into a multivariate one. The relationships between chemical variables and those producing food composition (geochemical, variety, alimentary,. . . ) explain the changes caused by factors that cannot be changed one at a time or that have strongly interacting effects. 

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