Chemical substances biodegradation

In the modified OECD Screening Test (OECD 301E), which indicates complete degradation or elimination according to the German Chemical Substances Control Act, alkanesulfonates are biodegradable to 95% (decrease in DOC, the dissolved organic carbon). 

POPs are organic chemical substances that resist biodegradation, are toxic to both humans and wildlife and furthermore tend to accumulate in living tissues. 

Kitano, M. (1978) Biodegradation and bioaccumulation of chemical substances. OECD Tokyo Meeting. Reference Book TSU-No. 3. 

Production and use of biodegradable containers. Biotechnological formation of chemical substances (H2S, Fe ) used for the collection of hazardous substances. Biotreatment and biodegradation of hazardous waste. Immobilization of hazardous substances from the streams. Solubilization of hazardous substances from waste. Biodegradation of hazardous substances. Immobilization/solubibzation of hazardous substances. Biotransformation and detoxication of hazardous substances. Solubilization/precipitation and recycling of heavy metals from waste. 

Suite, the PBT Profiler, and the BIOWIN biodegradability estimation program. He is the recipient of many EPA medals for distinguished service and several EPA Science and Technology Achievement Awards (STAA), including awards for review of new chemical substances under TSCA and the Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals Environmental Health Sciences (Lewis/CRC, 2000, with Don Mackay). 

The ability to predict the behavior of a chemical substance in a biological or environmental system largely depends on knowledge of the physical-chemical properties and reactivity of that compound or closely related compounds. Chemical properties frequently used in environmental assessment include melting/boiling temperature, vapor pressure, various partition coefficients, water solubility, Henry s Law constant, sorption coefficient, bioconcentration factor, and diffusion properties. Reactivities by processes such as biodegradation, hydrolysis, photolysis, and oxidation/reduction are also critical determinants of environmental fate and such information may be needed for modeling. Unfortunately, measured values often are not available and, even if they are, the reported values may be inconsistent or of doubtful validity. In this situation it may be appropriate or even essential to use estimation methods. 

Type I monitoring chemical substances that are not biodegradable, highly accumulative... 

Type III monitoring chemical substances that are not biodegradable and not so accumulative, but suspected of being toxic to the ecosystem and, therefore, placed under government monitoring until their toxicity is identified (substance suspected of being toxic to the environment)... 

Such a new substance is subjected to a biodegradation test before notification. If the substance is biodegradable, it is notified to the competent authority (the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) with the test results and necessary documents without carrying out additional safety evaluation. If there is no problem, the substance is registered as a new chemical substance approximately 3 months after notification. There is neither a duty to report the manufactured and/or imported amount of the substance nor regulation on the use, etc. of the substance and, therefore, it can be freely manufactured, imported or used as a non-regulated substance. 

A chemical substance that is neither biodegradable nor highly bio accumulative and intended to be manufactured and/or imported in an amount more than 10 tonnes/year should be tested for toxicity to humans and the ecosystem. If the substance is toxic to either of them, it is assigned to class II or III monitoring substance. If it is toxic to neither of them, it is listed as a non-regulated substance. 

As shown in the previous chapter, numerous pollutants may be classified in terms of the environmental sector on which they make an impact (e.g., air pollutants). They can also be classified according to the transformations that they undergo in the environment (e.g., chemical substances may be biodegradable or recalcitrant, as discussed below). More importantly, they can be classified by the hazards they pose to human health and the ecosystems. The latter aspects are closely related to the chemical structure and characteristics of the discharged substances and their interactions with the environment and its organisms. 

DATALOG was developed through the collaborative efforts of EPA s Office of Toxic Substances and the Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC). It includes bibliographic references to published journal articles on the environmental fate and physical-chemical properties of chemicals released into the environment. References to 18 environmental fate properties (e.g., water solubility, photolysis, hydrolysis, biodegradation, and more) are included for more than 16000 chemical substances in over 320000 records. (CIS). 

This substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The reported log Kow value is 4.77, which indicates a moderate potential to bioaccumulate. The chemical is biodegradable but tends to partition into sediment where it is relatively persistent. 

More recently, biodegradable plastics have been applied in other areas, including packaging and agriculmre (plant containers, mulch films, controlled release of chemical substances, etc.). After hydrolysis of PHAs, the follow-up products can be used as enantiomerically pure starting materials for chiral high price compounds [7-9]. 

A flow scheme of the Chemical Substances Control Law of Japan is shown in Hgure 7.5. This law is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Mm), principally for biodegradation and Inoaccumulation, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) for toxicity and the Environment Agency (EA) for environmental... 

Chemical Substances, based on such biodegradation and bioaccumulation data and chronic toxicity data. In April 1989, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride were designated as Class II Specified Chemical Substances, and in 1990, 7 triphenyltin compounds and 13 tributyltin compounds were designated similarly. 

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