Chemical Process Report

The principal ingredients for the manufacture of aromatic polyamides on a commercial scale are the diamine and diacid chloride monomers, plus the solvents used for the polymerization reaction. The chemical processes reported to be used for preparation of each of these ingredients are described in this section. 

Yamashita S (1987) In Res on Effective Use of Energy in Chemical Process, Reports of Special Project Res on Energy pl09-110 and pi 17-122... 

Strange reports the following information for a 2 factorial design used to investigate the yield of a chemical process. ... 

Several variations of the above process are practiced. In the Sumitomo-Nippon Shokubai process, the effluent from the first-stage reactor containing methacrolein and methacrylic acid is fed directiy to the second-stage oxidation without isolation or purification (125,126). In this process, overall yields are maximized by optimizing selectivity to methacrolein plus methacrylic acid in the first stage. Conversion of isobutjiene or tert-huty alcohol must be high because no recycling of material is possible. In another variation, Asahi Chemical has reported the oxidative esterification of methacrolein directiy to MMA in 80% yield without isolation of the intermediate MAA (127,128). 

Modifications and improvements to the basic process have been made to reduce the quantity of waste products (21,22) in the wet chemical process, to recover HF, and to economically process low Ta, high Nb containing raw materials (23). Several alternative extraction media have been reported in the hterature. Most, except for tributylphosphate (TBP) (24) and tri- -octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) (25), have never been used in industry. 

For a symmetrical separation of component h from c, Brian Staged Cascades in Chemical Processing, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1972) reported that the ratio of wash solvent to extraction solvent W /S should be set equal to the geometric mean of the two slopes of the equilibrium lines [Eq. (15-35)]. 

A complete analysis of dense gas dispersion is much beyond the scope of this treatise. More detailed references are available (Britter and McQuaid, Workbook on the Dispersion of Dense Gases, Health and Safety Executive Report No. 17/1988, England, 1988 Lees, 1986, pp. 455 61 Hanna and Drivas, 1987 Workbook of Test Cases for Vapor Cloud Source Dispersion Models, AlChE, 1989 Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis, 1989, pp. 96-103). 

Manufacturing qualifiers. Two of the entries to the section 313 chemical list contain a qualifier relating to manufacture. For isopropyl alcohol, the qualifier is "manufacturing-strong acid process. For saccharin, the qualifier simply is "manufacturing." For isopropyl alcohol, the qualifier means that only facilities which manufacture isopropyl alcohol by the strong acid process are required to report. In the case of saccharin, only manufacturers of the chemical are subject to the reporting requirements. A facility that processes or otherwise uses either chemical would not be required to report for those chemicals. In both cases, supplier notification does not apply because only manufacturers, not users, of the toxic chemical must report. 

Answer this question only after you have completed the rest of the report. The specific identity of the toxic chemical being reported in Part III, Sections 1.2 and 1.3, may be designated as trade secret. If you are making a trade secret claim, mark yes" and proceed to Section 1.2. Only check "Yes" if it is your manufacturing, processing, or use of the chemical that is a trade secret. (See page 1 of these instructions for specific information on trade secrecy claims.) ff you checked "no," proceed to Section 1.3 do not answer Section 1.2. 

A facility stores toluene in a large tank, and continuously uses it as a raw material in a chemical process throughout the reporting year. Prior to the current reporting year, annual air emissions of toluene were 100,000 pounds from the tank, and another 100,000 pounds from process emissions In addition. 

Even, limited PSAs use and contain much information. This information may come as memos and process reports and flow sheets, equipment layout, system descriptions, toxic inventory, hazardous chemical reactions, test, maintenance and operating descriptions. From this, data and analyses are prepared regarding release quantities, doses, equipment reliability, probability of exposure, and the risk to workers, public, and environment. An executive summary analysis is detailed, and recommendations made for risk reduction. Thus the information will be text, calculations of envelope fracture stresses, temperatures, fire propagation, air dispersion, doses, and failure probabilities - primarily in tabular form. 

Factory Mutual Research Corporation. 1990. Guidelines for the estimation of property damage bom outdoor vapor cloud explosions in chemical processing facilities. Technical Report, March 1990. 

Many data collection systems place the primary emphasis on the technical causes of accidents. There is usually a very detailed description of the chemical process in which the accident occurred, together with an in-depth analysis of the technical failures that are seen as the major causes. The human or system failures that may have contributed to the accident are usually treated in a cursory manner. Technically oriented reporting systems are very common in the CPI, where engineers who may be unfamiliar with human factors princi-... 

Powling (P7) recently reported on the results of an extensive study of the combustion characteristics of ammonium perchlorate-based composite propellants. The nature of the chemical processes taking place at the solid-gas interface and the possibility of heat release in the condensed phase were considered. Although the evidence is that some heat release is likely to occur within the solid surface, Powling found that the combustion in all pressure regions appears to be dominated by gas-phase reactions. 

The present route to (terminal alkynes reported by a group from the Chemical Process Department at the DuPont Pharmaceutical Company.2 This alcohol serves as a convenient starting material for the preparation of 1-acyloxy 4-mesylates 10 (eq 1). 

In spite of the fact that biotechnology rather than chemical processing will probably provide the future greatly needed chirally pure compounds (ref. 1), we believe that simple chemical reactions starting from chiral natural compounds and proceeding under stereochemical control will eventually retain full importance. On the above grounds, we report on simple reactions which start from a-aminoacids, as an example of utilization of natural compounds, and move to related bromine containing compounds (Fig. 1). 

Up to the present, a number of conventional film preparation methods like PVD, CVD, electro-chemical deposition, etc., have been reported to be used in synthesis of CNx films. Muhl et al. [57] reviewed the works performed worldwide, before the year 1998, on the methods and results of preparing carbon nitride hlms. They divided the preparation techniques into several sections including atmospheric-pressure chemical processes, ion-beam deposition, laser techniques, chemical vapor deposition, and reactive sputtering [57]. The methods used in succeeding research work basically did not... 

This chapter reviews the reported effects of different types of energy on chemical processing. Many of them are already known for a long time, but were, until recently, mostly used in nonreactive systems such as separation or drying. The focus here is on the (assumed) mechanism, reported effects, and known industrial applications of reactive chemical systems. 

Management must institute procedures to assess levels of compliance with agreed standards for safety. Techniques include environmental and/or biological monitoring, health surveillance, safety audits, safety inspections, and procedures for accident reporting, investigation and analysis. Communication is essential, e.g. by provision of information (on specific chemicals, processes, etc.), safety meetings, notices, safety bulletins etc. 

Direct conversion of methane to ethane and ethylene (C2 hydrocarbons) has a large implication towards the utilization of natural gas in the gas-based petrochemical and liquid fuels industries [ 1 ]. CO2 OCM process provides an alternative route to produce useful chemicals and materials where the process utilizes CO2 as the feedstock in an environmentally-benefiting chemical process. Carbon dioxide rather than oxygen seems to be an alternative oxidant as methyl radicals are induced in the presence of oxygen. Basicity, reducibility, and ability of catalyst to form oxygen vacancies are some of the physico-chemical criteria that are essential in designing a suitable catalyst for the CO2 OCM process [2]. The synergism between catalyst reducibility and basicity was reported to play an important role in the activation of the carbon dioxide and methane reaction [2]. 

---