Electro-chemical deposition

Up to the present, a number of conventional film preparation methods like PVD, CVD, electro-chemical deposition, etc., have been reported to be used in synthesis of CNx films. Muhl et al. [57] reviewed the works performed worldwide, before the year 1998, on the methods and results of preparing carbon nitride hlms. They divided the preparation techniques into several sections including atmospheric-pressure chemical processes, ion-beam deposition, laser techniques, chemical vapor deposition, and reactive sputtering [57]. The methods used in succeeding research work basically did not... 

Takahashi M, Uosaki K, Kita H (1984) Composition and electronic properties of electro-chemically deposited CdTe films. J Appl Phys 55 3879-3881... 

A comparative smdy of great practical value has been carried out between several Ni-based diffusion barrier properties. Those were produced by means of electroless deposition from nickel sulfate and nickel sulfamate deposition solutions (73). It was concluded on the basis of Auger depth profiling (see Section 13.3) that Ni(P) sulfamate has much better diffusion barrier properties than Ni(P) sulfate. This conclusion is a telling example of the influence of anions on the physical properties of electro-chemically deposited metals. 

ZnO thin films can be prepared by a variety of techniques such as magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, pulsed-laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, spray-pyrolysis, and (electro-)chemical deposition [24,74]. In this book, sputtering (Chap. 5), chemical vapor deposition (Chap. 6), and pulsed-laser deposition (Chap. 7) are described in detail, since these methods lead to the best ZnO films concerning high conductivity and transparency. The first two methods allow also large area depositions making them the industrially most advanced deposition techniques for ZnO. ZnO films easily crystallize, which is different for instance compared with ITO films that can... 

Nucleation — Stochastic approach to nucleation — Spatial distribution of clusters — Figure. Experimental (histograms) and theoretical (lines) distribution of the distances between first (a), second (b) and third (c) neighbor silver crystals electro chemically deposited on a glassy carbon electrode [iii-v]... 

Recently, Fabre et al. [31] and Freund et al. [7, 8] used electro-chemically deposited, self-doped, boronic-acid-substituted, conducting polymers for saccharide and fluoride detection. Freund et al. prepared a potentiometric sensor for saccharides using self-doped PABA [7, 8]. The transduction mechanism in that system is reportedly the change in pKa of polyaniline that accompanies complexation, and the resulting change in the electrochemical potential. Sensors produced with this approach exhibit reversible responses with selectivity to various saccharides and 1,2-diols (Figure 3.22) that reflect their binding constants with phenylboronic acid observed in bulk solutions. The sensitivity... 

Sanches L, Domingues SH, Marino CEB, Mascaro LH (2004) Characterization of electro-chemically deposited Ni-Mo alloy coatings. Electrochem Cranm 6 543-548... 

Fig. 37.7 AFM images acquired for a series of high-Jc electrode templates onto which polypyrrole was electro-chemically deposited. (A) A c-axis-oriented YBa2Cu307-s thin film (B) Pt (C) an a/c mixed axis-oriented YBa2Cu307-5 film. Polymer films were grown in all cases by potential steps to 1.2 V vs. SCE for 2 s using a solution composed of 0.10 M Et4NBp4 and 0.14 M pyrrole in acetonitrile. (Adapted from Ref. 11.)...

There have been many reports on the morphology of the lithium that is electro-chemically deposited in various kinds of organic electrolyte [32-39]. 

Ferraris and colleagues studied laminate films of PEDOTT spin coated on electropolymerized N-methylpolypyrrole, polyaniline spin coated on PEDOT PSS, and polyaniline deposited on electropolymerized N-methylpolypyr-role. The films were analyzed using CIE (x, i/)-chromaticity coordinates. The observed colors in their fully doped and reduced states were found to be linearly dependent on the color coordinates of the two individual polymers of the laminate, which allows for adjusting the observed color by variation of layer thickness of an electrochromic device in a viable and predictable way. Inganas ° studied a laminate structure made from polypyrrole electro-chemically deposited on top of a PEDOTPSS layer formed by spin coating. In contrast to Ferraris et al. he found that the spectra of the laminate electrode matches well with spectra of pure polypyrrole. 

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