Chemical nickel plating

K. M. Gorbunova and A. A. Nikiforova, Phjsiochemical Principles of (Chemical) Nickel Plating Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1960 (Engl, trans. available from U.S. Government Office of Technical Services, Washington, D.C., 1963). 

Nickel-Plate Steel Chemical Nickel Plating Solutions... 

Chemical-nickel plating coatings— Methyl vinyl United States 3,424,597 1969 Shipley... 

The relatively low abrasion and wear resistance of aluminum can be compensated by an appropriate surface treatment so that sufficient life times can be achieved. Hard anodizing, chemical nickel plating, chrome plating, and special chemical coatings, which facilitate demolding, have proven their worth. 

Nickel-plated steel Chemical nickel plating solutions... 

Many electroless coppers also have extended process Hves. Bailout, the process solution that is removed and periodically replaced by Hquid replenishment solution, must still be treated. Better waste treatment processes mean that removal of the copper from electroless copper complexes is easier. Methods have been developed to eliminate formaldehyde in wastewater, using hydrogen peroxide (qv) or other chemicals, or by electrochemical methods. Ion exchange (qv) and electro dialysis methods are available for bath life extension and waste minimi2ation of electroless nickel plating baths (see... 

G. G. Gawrilov, Chemical (Electroless) Nickel-Plating, PortcuUis Press, RedhiU, U.K., 1979. 

Electroplating. The second-largest appHcation for nickel chemicals is as electrolytes ia nickel electroplating (qv). In ordinary plating systems, nickel present ia the electrolyte never forms on the finished workpiece the latter results from dissolution and transfer from nickel anodes. Decorative nickel plating is used for automobile bumpers and trim, appHances, wire products, flatware, jewelry, and many other consumer items. A comprehensive review of nickel electroplating has been compiled (164). 

A principal commercial appHcation of the hypophosphites is ia the electroless plating (qv) process. Nickel salts are chemically reduced by hypophosphites to form a smooth adherent nickel plating to protect the iateriors of large vessels and tank cars. The coating, which can be hardened by heat treatment, usually contains 8—10 wt % phosphoms and is highly impervious. 

For chemical service the necessary parts are available in 3.5 percent nickel steel monel Hastelloy C Stainless Type 316, 304, etc. plastic coated bellows nickel silver nickel plated springs and other workable materials. 

As an illustration, a typical nickel plating operation with five nickel tanks has an annual nickel drag-out of about 10,000 L. Assuming the nickel baths are maintained at the midpoint operating concentration, as shown in Table 9.12, the annual cost of chemical replacement, treatment, and disposal is about USD 20,700 in terms of 2007 USD. If the bath is converted to the modified operating condition as shown in the table, the annual cost of chemical replacement, treatment, and disposal are approximately USD 18,700, a savings of about USD 2000/yr. Generally, any percent... 

Subcategory A encompasses the manufacture of all batteries in which cadmium is the reactive anode material. Cadmium anode batteries currently manufactured are based on nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and mercury-cadmium couples (Table 32.1). The manufacture of cadmium anode batteries uses various raw materials, which comprises cadmium or cadmium salts (mainly nitrates and oxides) to produce cell cathodes nickel powder and either nickel or nickel-plated steel screen to make the electrode support structures nylon and polypropylene, for use in manufacturing the cell separators and either sodium or potassium hydroxide, for use as process chemicals and as the cell electrolyte. Cobalt salts may be added to some electrodes. Batteries of this subcategory are predominantly rechargeable and find application in calculators, cell phones, laptops, and other portable electronic devices, in addition to a variety of industrial applications.1-4 A typical example is the nickel-cadmium battery described below. 

Skin dermatitis in humans caused by chemicals used in nickel plating 5... 

Electrochemically generated nickei(lll) oxide, deposited onto a nickel plate, is generally useful for the oxidation of alcohols in aqueous alkali [49]. The immersion of nickel in aqueous alkali results in the formation of a surface layer of nickel(ll) oxide which undergoes reversible electrochemical oxidation to form nickel(lll) oxide with a current maximum in cyclic voltammetry at 1.13 V vj. see, observed before the evolution of oxygen occurs [50]. This electrochemical step is fast and oxidation at a prepared oxide film, of an alcohol in solution, is governed by the rate of the chemical reaction between nickel oxide and the substrate [51]. When the film thickness is increased to about 0.1 pm, the oxidation rate of organic species increases to a rate that is fairly indifferent to further increases in the film thickness. This is probably due to an initial increase in the surface area of the electrode [52], In laboratory scale experiments, the nickel oxide electrode layer is prepared by prior electrolysis of nickel sulphate at a nickel anode [53]. It is used in an undivided cell with a stainless steel cathode and an alkaline electrolyte. 

The fabrication of laminated plastics with good transparency requires pressures of the magnitude indicated. All heatable, hydraulic, laboratory, or commercial presses are suitable for this work. It is also possible to use two nickel-plated iron plates, 2 cm thick, heated to about 140 °C in an oven, and clamped in a horizontally mounted vice (see Sect.2.5.2.1).The resistance of the hardened melamine-formaldehyde laminated plastic is tested against solvents and chemicals. 

Potassium manganate obtained above is oxidized to the permanganate either by electrolysis or by chemical oxidation. Electrolytic oxidation is more common. Electrolytic cells have cathodes made of iron rods and nickel-plated anodes. Potassium manganate melt is extracted with water prior to its electrolysis and then electrolyzed at a cell voltage of 2.3V and current of about 1,400 amp. Permanganate is produced at the anode and water is reduced to gaseous hydrogen and hydroxyl ions at the cathode ... 

Most nickel is used to make stainless steel. Compounds of nickel combined with many other elements, including chlorine, sulfur, and oxygen, exist. Many of these compounds dissolve fairly easily in water and have a characteristic green color. Nickel and its compounds have no characteristic odor or taste. Nickel compounds are used for nickel plating, to color ceramics, to make some batteries, and as substances known as catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions. 

Water from the nickel rinse tank can be fed back into the acid dip rinse tank, allowing nickel plating solution dragged out of the process bath to be dragged back into it. This will not harm the rinse, and will allow the water feed to the acid rinse tanks to be turned off. Thus, both water and process chemicals are conserved, and the quantity of toxic process chemicals in the effluent is reduced. 

Addition of benzo[6]thiophenes to solutions used for chemical metallic plating with nickel and cobalt-nickel is said to improve the quality of the metal layer deposited.206... 

Sivavec TM, Mackenzie PD, Horney DP. Effect of site groundwater on reactivity of bimetallic media deactivation of nickel-plated granular iron. 213th National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, American Chemical Society 1997 37(1) 83—85. 

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