Solute drag

Torchilin VP, Lukyanov AN. Peptide and protein drug delivery to and into tumors challenges and solutions. Drag Dis Today 200 8(6) 259. 

Water from the nickel rinse tank can be fed back into the acid dip rinse tank, allowing nickel plating solution dragged out of the process bath to be dragged back into it. This will not harm the rinse, and will allow the water feed to the acid rinse tanks to be turned off. Thus, both water and process chemicals are conserved, and the quantity of toxic process chemicals in the effluent is reduced. 

Figure 13.6 Grain-boundary solute-drag phenomena predicted by Cahn s model, (a)...

The key function of sodium is its role in assisting the absorption of glucose and water from the small intestine, both by complex formation (Schultz and Crnran, 1970) and by a phenomenon known as solution drag (Fordtran, 1975). Sodium also aids post-activity recovery by ... 

Table 2 Solution, drag force on a particle problem...

In solution drag, the width of the grain bovmdaiy, w, is the zone over which impurities interact. The grain boimdary thickness is taken to be independent of grain size. The diffusion coefficients of the host, D , and the impvirity, D/, will depend on the structure in the grain boundary. Impurities can therefore have an effect on the grain boundary velocity, Vg, by either their effect on the Co term or an effect on the diffusion coefficients for host and impurity. 

Fig. 4 shows Toms / - data for both a Newtonian solvent and a DR polymer solution. Drag reduction onset occurs at 10,000 in the 0.202 cm tube, while the critical conditions for DR are reached in the laminar region for the 0.0645 cm tube and there is no apparent onset. Rather, friction factors depart gradually from the laminar equation as A Re increases (see also the section Concentration). Virk proposed that onset of DR in turbulent pipe flows, at which the friction factor departs abruptly from Eq. (4), occurs at a distinct wall-shear stress, which does not depend on the pipe size and is only weakly dependent on concentration for a given polymer-solvent combination, but depends strongly on the radii of gyration, Rq, of the polymer molecules ... 

Lin, Z. The effect of chemical structures of cationic surfactants or counterions on solution drag reduction effectiveness, rheology and micellar microstructure. Ph.D. dissertation. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2000. 

Hanawa T, Maeda R, Muramatsu E, et al. New oral dosage form for elderly patients. HI. Stability of trichlormethiazide in silk ribroin gel and various sugar solutions. Drag Dev bid Pharm 2000 26 1091-1097. 

In a copper-wire plant, sodium-hydroxide solution (drag-out from a neutralization bath) is removed from wire coils by countercurrent rinsing with water. At present, the... 

CZE, also referred to as free solution capillary electrophoresis (FSCE), or open tubular capillary electrophoresis (OT CE), is the format originally described, in which the capillary is filled with an electrolyte buffer solution. In CZE, molecules are separated directly according to their charge, and inversely according to their solution drag force. Neutral molecules are moved through the capillary by the EOF. There are many additives which can be used to either dynamically deactivate the fused capillary waU, and prevent undesirable solute sticking, or to enhance solute selectivity, or both. 

A number of fundamental parameters that describe iontophoretic transport in Nation (e.g., convective flow velocities, solute drag coefficient) can be evaluated from the SECM experiment. Consider, the overall iontropho-retic flux of a neutral molecular permeant ... 

Fig. 8.26 Sketch of the solute drag effect produced by the segregation of dopants to the grain boundaries, a Symmetrical distribution of the dopant in the region of a stationary grain boundary, b For a moving boundary, the dopant distribution becomes asymmetrical if the diffusion coefficient of the dopant atoms across the boundary is different from that of the host atoms. The as5nnmetrical distribution produces a drag on the boundary, c Breakaway of the boundary from the dopant leaving a solute cloud behind. Reproduced with permission from [4]. Cop5urght 2003, CRC Press...

In this case, a is the solute drag per unit velocity and per unit dopant concentration in the low boundary velocity limit, while l/p is the drift velocity of impurity... 

According to Eq. (8.70), the boundary mobility M b is equal to Vb/F, which can be expressed in terms of the intrinsic component Mb and the solute drag component M ... 

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