Chemical industry in the

Manufacture and Processing. Terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate did not become large-volume industrial chemicals until after World War II. Imperial Chemical Industries in the United Kingdom in 1949 and Du Pont in the United States in 1953 commercialized fibers made from poly(ethylene terephthalate). Dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol were the comonomers used by both companies (see Fibers, polyester). 

To get the best estimate, each job should be broken down into its components and separate indices used for labour and materials. It is often more convenient to use the composite indices published for various industries in the trade journals. These produce a weighted average index combining the various components in proportions considered typical for the particular industry. Such an index for the chemical industry in the United Kingdom is published in the journal Process Engineering, Anon. (2004). The composition of this index is ... 

Example 7.3 Monochlorinated carboxylic acids are important intermediates for the chemical industry in the production of... 

In general, English units will be used throughout this book, with metric units given in parentheses. However, where metric units are the accepted practice, only these will be given. Only English units will be used in the examples, since the metric system has not yet been adopted by the chemical industry in the United States or Canada. 

The development of the processes by which synthetic polymers are made was responsible for the remarkable growth of the chemical industry in the twentieth century. 

Conversion per pass is limited by reaction equilibrium after cooling to condense the product methanol, the unreacted gas is recycled to the reactor. Developed by Imperial Chemical Industries in the late 1960s, since when it has been the leading process. As of 1991, 41 plants had been commissioned and a further 7 were under contract or construction. 

Models in literature with relation to the scope of this work are reflected by the key words in the title planning, global, commodity and chemical industry in the context to value chain management. Given the comprehensive scope of the value chain planning problem, literature analysis is grouped into these four groups ... 

Hydrogen for industrial facilities is mainly produced where it is also immediately used (so-called captive hydrogen ). Only around 5% of total hydrogen production is sold on the free market and transported in liquid or gaseous form in trailers or pipelines (so-called merchant hydrogen ). Hydrogen pipelines have already been operated by the chemical industry in the United States and in Europe (particularly Germany, France and the Netherlands) for decades (see also Chapter 12). 

More than 50% of the chemical industry in the United States is now based on or dependent on polymers. 

The chemical industry in the United States must confront these new market pressures head-on. With the goal of creating a technology roadmap for the chemical industry to follow, the chemical indusfry must accomplish five broad goals over the next 25 years. It must... 

The first practical applications of adsorption were based on the selective removal of individual components from then- mixtures using other substances. The first filters for water treatment were installed in Europe and the United States in 1929 and 1930, respectively. Activated carbon was recognized as an efficient purification and separation material for the synthetic chemical industry in the 1940s. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, activated carbon was used in many applications for removing a broad spectrum of synthetic chemicals from water and gases. 

Sulfuric acid is universally used in the chemical industry in the production of numerous products. Its largest use, accounting for approximately two-thirds of its total use, is in the production of fertilizer. Adding acid to phosphate rock produces phosphate fertilizer. Superphosphate fertilizer is produced by adding sulfuric acid to the phosphate rock fluorapate, [Ca3(P04)2]3CaF2, according to the reaction ... 

This commonest derivative of sulphur trioxide and the most important of all acids from a technical and commercial aspect, has been known from early times, although its production on a large scale and at a low price dates from the success of the lead chamber process of manufacture, which revolutionised chemical industry in the early part of the nineteenth century. 

Berthollet, Claude Louis(1748-1822). A French scientist who made numerous contributions to chemistry and the chemical industry. In the expls field, he was first to prep K chlorate(known as Sel de Berthollet ), Fulminating Silver and Berthollet Powder... 

Prior to the development of the chemical industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, only substances from natural sources were available for treating our diseases, dying our clothes, cleansing and perfuming our bodies, and so forth. Extracts of the opium poppy, for instance, have been used since the seventeenth century for the relief of pain. The prized purple dye called Tyrian purple, obtained from a Middle Eastern mollusk, has been known since antiquity. Oils distilled from bergamot, sweet bay, rose, and lavender, have been employed for centuries in making perfume. 

Promising fields of development for a greener and more efficient chemical industry in the area of catalytic selective oxidation are several, ranging from the use of... 

One word of caution regarding these five steps company dynamics can influence the scope of simplification, as can the separation between administrative and production IT infrastructure. M A has been an important lever in restructuring and growth in the chemical industry in the last 20 years. Therefore, keeping units independent to support divestment should be considered before maximizing the standardization and simplification of IT infrastructure. 

The roles of the British and American chemical industries in the inter-war years were, overall, relatively limited ones until the threat of another war appeared in the mid-1930s. Then, as in the First World War, many calls were made upon the industry as the nations prepared to defend themselves, for Britain from 1939 and for the United States from 1941. 

As already indicated, vast quantities of salt are used in the chemical industries in the production of other chemicals. Including these indirect as well as the direct uses, there are over 1000 more or less distinct uses for this chemical. 

Industrial nitrogen is used a several ways. It is used to maintain an inert atmosphere in the chemical industry, in the electronics industry, in production of primary metals and in petroleum refining. It is used for advanced oil recovery and to prevent vacuum formation in the drill hole from which oil and gas are being extracted, hi the food industry it is used for refrigeration of foods, and in... 

---