Horizontal chambers temperature control

Some beehive ovens, having various improvements and additions of waste heat boilers, thereby allowing heat recovery from the combustion products, may stiU be in operation. Generally, however, the beehive oven has been replaced by waH-heated, horizontal chamber, ie, slot, ovens in which higher temperatures can be achieved as well as a better control over the quality of the coke. Modem slot-type coke ovens are approximately 15 m long, approximately 6 m high, and the width is chosen to suit the carbonization behavior of the coal to be processed. For example, the most common widths are ca 0.5 m, but some ovens may be as narrow as 0.3 m, or as wide as 0.6 m. 

Figure 14.8 Basic diffusion cell designs. Static horizontal cells may be jacketed [as in the Franz-type) or unjacketed [and temperature controlled using water bath or heating block). Flow-through cells usually have a small receptor chamber to maximize mixing. Side-by-side cells are used mainly for solution vehicles.

Subsequent to the empty chamber studies, maximum load temperature distribution studies should be conducted to determine if the load configuration influences the temperature distribution profile obtained from the empty chamber studies. The thermocouples utilized in the heat distribution studies are distributed geometrically in representative horizontal and vertical planes throughout the sterilizer. The geometric center and corners of the sterilizer should also be represented. An additional thermocouple should be placed in the exhaust drain adjacent to the sensor that controls vessel temperature, if possible. 

Figure 6. A membrane mechanical testing system consists of a MTS horizontal load frame, a home-built environment chamber with temperature and RH control, and a high-precision video-extensometer.

The five main requirements for conduct of a sessile drop experiment relevant to high temperature capillary phenomena are characterisation of the materials, a flat horizontal substrate, a test chamber to provide a controlled and generally inert gaseous environment, a facility that heats the sample to a predetermined temperature and a means of measuring the geometry and size of the sessile drop. Satisfying these requirements demands careful and precise experimental procedures. 

The catalysts were contained between quartz wool plugs inside a horizontal quartz tube reactor (1-cm-i.d. by 35-cm-long). The reactor was heated with a split tube furnace, and the temperatures were controlled by a feedback controller. The reactants were preheated to 175°C before entering the catalyst zone. The temperature of the product stream was maintained at 150°C to prevent condensation in the sample chamber or capillary inlet to the mass spectrometer. 

Measurements of temperature and CO concentrations of the off-gas were made using the TDL sensor along a horizontal line of sight at a "break-flange" mounted on the debris collection drop-out chamber downstream of the EAF (Figure 14.9). The motivation for these measurements in the EAF is for postcombustion control to recover energy from unburned CO in the exhaust using O2 injection. 

OQ if the chamber controls temperature and/or humidity, then distribution (mapping) studies should be performed to test these variables. Even if temperature and humidity are not controlled it would be important to know their profile across the sample shelf. Five temperature and five humidity probes should be adequate for a horizontal sample shelf of up to about 10 feet. ... 

The epitaxial growth was performed using low-pressure or atmospheric pressure MOCVD. The former consists of lamp-heated and the latter consists of rf-heated horizontal reactor with load lock chamber. The substrate was put on the SiC-coated carbon susceptor and the temperature was controlled by the thermocouple inserted into the susceptor. Source gases for Al, Ga, Zn, As and Se are trimethylallu-minum (TMA), trimethylgallium (TMG),... 

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