Cereals grain quality

Eckhoff SR, Paulsen MR. In Henry J, Kettlewell P, eds. Cereal Grain Quality. London, UK Chapman and Hall 1996. 

In contrast to the requirements for enforcement methods and to ensure sufficient quality of the generated data, validation data should be submitted for all types of crop samples to be analyzed. However, matrix comparability and a reduced validation data set may be considered where two or more very similar matrices are to be analyzed (e.g., cereal grain). A reduced sample set may also be acceptable (two levels, at least three determinations and an assessment of matrix interference) provided that the investigated samples belong to the same crop group as described in SANCO/825/00 (see also Section 4.2.1). 

Scott, P., Possibilities of reduction or elimination of mycotoxins present in cereal grain, in Chenkowski, J., ed., Cereal Grain Mycotoxins, Fungi and Quality in Drying and Storage, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991. 

JM Concon. Chemical determination of critical amino acids in cereal grains and other foodstuffs. In M Friedman, ed. Protein Nutritional Quality of Foods and Feeds. Part 1 Assay Methods—Biological, Biochemical, and Chemical. New York Marcel Dekker, 1975, pp 311-379. 

Nutritive value of foods and feedstuffs depends to a large degree on protein level and quality, i.e., the relative amounts of the component amino acids compared to the requirements of the animal for various metabolic functions. The cereal grains are notoriously low in certain essential amino acids. Usually lysine is the first or second limiting amino acid. The grain of rye (Secale cereale L.) exhibits an amino acid profile superior to that of other cereal grains, especially wheat (1,2,3,4,5). Despite this fact, lysine is still the first limiting amino acid in rye in most instances (6,7). 

Cereal grains, such as maize, barley, wheat and sorghum, are the main ingredients of poultry diets and usually provide 30-60% of the total AA requirements. Other sources of protein such as soybean meal and canola meal must be provided to ensure adequate amounts and a proper balance of essential AAs. The protein levels necessary to provide adequate intakes of essential AAs will depend on the feedstuffs used. Feedstuffs that contain high-quality proteins (i.e. with an AA pattern similar to the bird s needs) or mixtures of feedstuffs in which the AA pattern of one complements the pattern in another will meet the essential AA requirements at lower dietary protein levels than feedstuffs with a less desirable AA pattern. This is important if one of the goals is to minimize N excretion. 

Dietary protein sources differ widely in their proportions of the EAA. In general, complete proteins (those containing sufficient quantities of EAA) are of animal origin (e.g., meat, milk, and eggs). Plant proteins often lack one or more EAA. For example, gliadin (wheat protein) has insufficient amounts of lysine, and zein (com protein) is low in both lysine and tryptophan. Because plant proteins differ in their amino acid compositions, plant foods can provide a high-quality source of essential amino acids only if they are eaten in appropriate combinations. One such combination includes beans (low in methionine) and cereal grains (low in lysine). 

The main reason for the popularity of SBM is the unique composition of amino acids (AAs) that complements the AA compositions of many cereal grains. The excellent AA quality in SBM is also the reason why SBM is now increasingly being used in the pet-food industry. While SBM is by far the most popular soybean product in livestock diets, other products are also being used to a varying degree. These products include full-fat soybeans, soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate (SPI) soy-... 

The requirements for Mo in cereal crops are low, and the Mo concentrations in the seeds of wheat, oats, and barley are low (see Chapter 5). Hence there is little danger of accumulation of Mo in cereal grains to an extent that would cause concern for the health of livestock. Consequently, S-Mo relationships in cereal crops are unlikely to cause concern for feed quality. Seed legumes such as soybeans, however, accu-... 

Wrigley C. W., D. L. Du Cros, J. G. Fullington, and D. D. Kasarda. 1984. Changes in polypeptide composition and grain quality due to sulfur deficiency in wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 2 15-4 . 

Following a career as a research scientist with the Wheat Research Unit (later the Grain Quality Research Laboratory) of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) of Australia, Finlay MacRitchie was a professor in the Department of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University (1997-2009). He is currently professor emeritus in this department. MacRitchie has worked in two main fields fundamental surface and colloid chemistry and cereal chemistry He has published more than 150 papers in refereed journals and a textbook, Chemistry at Interfaces (Academic Press, 1990). He is listed as an Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) highly cited researcher. 

Neural networks have been used, most effectively, as a way of establishing robust NIR calibrations. It is the calibration method of choice for a whole cereal grain, transmission instrument, which is being used worldwide for many of the analyses required for estimating grain quality. An artificial neural network program performs many iterations in order to establish the optimum solution required from large, complex datasets. 

Cereal grains assessing and managing quality Edited by C. Wrigley and... 

Triticale is a hybrid cereal derived from crossing wheat with rye. Its name is derived from a combination of the two generic terms for the parent cereals Triticum and Secale). The objective in crossing the two cereals was to combine the desirable characteristics of wheat, such as grain quality, productivity and disease resistance, with the vigour and hardiness of rye. 

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