Cereal hybrids

Forster, B.P. Miller, T.E. (1985). 5B deficient hybrid between Triticum aestivum and Agropyron junceum. Cereal Research Communications, 13, 93-5. 

Dailey, O.D., Jr. 2000. Variability in water absorption of germ and endosperm during laboratory steeping of a yellow dent com hybrid. Cereal Chem. 77, 721-723. 

Singh, V., Haken, A.E., Niu, Y.X., Zou, S.H., and Eckhoff, S.R. 1998a. Wet-milling characteristics of selected yellow dent com hybrids as influenced by storage conditions. Cereal Chem. 75, 235-240. 

Zehr, B E., Eckhoff, S.R., Singh, S.K., and Keeling, P.L. 1995. Comparison of wet-milling properties among maize inbred lines and their hybrids. Cereal Chem. 72, 491 497. 

Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is cultivated as an ornamental plant, and also of recent years as an edible non-cereal seed. Many interspecies hybrids have high tolerance to salinity and the capacity to absorb heavy metals. 

The biochemistry and taxonomy of cereals is relevant to their potential differential toxicity. The proteins in the cereal grains known as "gluten activate celiac disease. Gluten is a complex mixture of hundreds of related but distinct proteins. The grains considered capable of producing adverse effects in individuals with celiac disease include different species of wheat (e.g., durum, spelt, kamut), barley, rye, and their cross-bred hybrids (e.g., triticale, which is a cross between wheat and rye) (Ciclitira et ah, 2005 Cornell et ah, 2002 Dewar et ah, 2006 Howdle, 2006 Koning, 2008 Lester, 2008 Moron et ah, 2008 Thompson, 2000, 2001 Troncone et al., 2008a Vader et ah, 2003 Wieser and Koehler, 2008). 

Swedish researchers selected strains for egg production, using a diet mixed with home-grown cereals or diets with a low protein level (130g/ kg). The hens were a Rhode Island Red x White Leghorn, which resulted in the development of the SLU-1329 hen (Abrahamsson and Tauson, 1998 Table 6.1). This Swedish hen was tested in aviary and free-range conditions and compared with conventional hybrids (Lohmann LSL, Hisex white and Hisex brown) using a low-protein diet and housed in a floor system. The Swedish hen had the same or higher egg production in comparison with the hybrids, but had better overall feed conversion efficiency (Sorensen, 2001). 

Cereals containing gluten (i.e., wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt, kamut or their hybridized strains) and products thereof, except cereals used for making distillates or ethyl alcohol, wheat-based maltodextrins, and dextrose and glucose syrups... 

The project to develop corn hybrids resistant to imidazolinone herbicides has been very successful. Corn with excellent resistance characteristics was selected, and semidominant resistance alleles are being introduced into proprietary inbred lines of Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Commercial corn hybrids resistant to imidazolinone herbicides will be the first major biotechnology product in cereals to enter the marketplace. 

In field isolates of C. purpurea, the alkaloids are only produced inplanta, in sclerotial tissue. In the past, contamination of cereals with sclerotia has led to severe disease symptoms in humans, known as St. Anthony s fire in the Middle Ages. In modern mills, cereals are mechanically cleaned from seclerotia, which due to a growing number of grain-sized sclerotia gives no complete protection. Contamination of flour with ergot alkaloids is still a problem, and has even increased in the last years, e.g., due to C. purpurea-susceptible new hybrid rye varieties. 

The seeds of the Gossypium arboreum cultivar and a hybrid contained less Mo than did other cultivars of cotton (Bhatt and Appukuttan, 1982). Recent studies by Shivashankar and Hagstrom (1991) showed that peas contained much higher Mo concentrations than cereals and com. They also reported that the hybrid cotton-lucerne (alfalfa) combination resulted in 50% greater Mo uptake than when followed by the combination of groundnut Arachis hypogaea L.) and wheat or by cluster beans. Cereal grains contained much less Mo in unfertilized plots than in Mo-fertilized plots (Table 5.3). 

Similarly, gluten is defined in the regulations as any gluten protein from the grain of any of the foUowing cereals or the grain of a hybridized strain created from at least one of the following cereals ... 

Cereals containing gluten (namely wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt, their hybridized strains and their products),... 

Triticale is a hybrid cereal derived from crossing wheat with rye. Its name is derived from a combination of the two generic terms for the parent cereals Triticum and Secale). The objective in crossing the two cereals was to combine the desirable characteristics of wheat, such as grain quality, productivity and disease resistance, with the vigour and hardiness of rye. 

Triticale (family Gramineae) This is a hybrid between rye and wheat and is now grown in many temperate and subtropical countries. Protein is higher than other cereals and usually grown for food. Triticale is also used for making beer and other similar products as are made from barley. 

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