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Soda Caustic

Anhydrous caustic soda (NaOH) is available but its use is generally not considered practical in water and wastewater treatment applications. Consequently, only liquid caustic soda is discussed here. Liquid caustic soda is generally shipped at two concentrations, 50 percent and 73 percent NaOH. The densities of the solutions as shipped are 12.76 Ib/gal for the 50 percent solution and 14.18 Ib/gal for the 73 percent solution. These solutions contain 6.38 Ib/gal NaOH and 10.34 Ib/gal NaOH, respectively. The crystallization temperature is 53 F for the 50 percent solution and 165 F for the 73 percent solution. The molecular weight of NaOH is 40. The pH of a 1 percent solution of caustic soda is 12.9. [Pg.105]

Storage tanks for liquid caustic soda should be provided with an air vent for gravity flow. The storage capacity should be equal to 1.5 times the largest expected delivery, with an allowance for dilution water, if used, or two-weeks supply at the anticipated feed rate, whichever is greater. Tanks for storing 50 percent solution [Pg.105]


Most of the ethylene dichloride produced is utilized for the manufacture of vinyl chloride, which may be obtained from it by pyrolysis or the action of caustic soda. Large quantities are also used in anti-knock additives for gasoline. As a solvent It has been displaced by trichloroethylene and tetrachloroelhyJene. U.S. production 1978 4-75 megatonnes. [Pg.134]

Usually prepared on the large scale by caustic soda fusion of sodium naphthalene-1-sulphonate, but can also be obtained by high-temperature alkaline digestion of... [Pg.270]

Obtained by K.OH fusion of many resins. Prepared by fusion of m-benzenedisulphonic acid with caustic soda, also obtained to some extent in the NaOH fusion of o-and p-ben-zenedisulphonic acids. [Pg.344]

Aluminium is obtained on a large scale by the electrolysis of the oxide, dissolved in fused cryolite The oxide, occurring naturally as bauxite, AI2O3.2H2O, usually contains silica and iron(III) oxide as impurities. These must be removed first, since aluminium, once prepared, cannot be freed of other metals (which will be deposited on electrolysis) by refining it. The crude oxide is dissolved under pressure in caustic soda solution the aluminium oxide and silica dissolve and the ironflll) oxide is left ... [Pg.141]

The gas is passed through caustic soda solution to remove any sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide produced in side reactions. Carbon monoxide is also obtained when an ethanedioate (oxalate) is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid ... [Pg.178]

Oxygen difluoride, OFj, is obtained when gaseous fluorine is passed through very dilute (27 ) caustic soda solution ... [Pg.324]

English, soda Medieval Latin, sodanum, headache remedy) Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda. [Pg.27]

Caulks Caustic Caustic baryta Caustic extraction Caustic fusion Caustic magnesia Caustic potash Caustic soda... [Pg.175]

The problem in reducing the NH and urea content in the wastewaters to below 100 ppm is because it is difficult to remove one in the presence of the other. The wastewater can be treated with caustic soda to volatilize NH. However, in a more efficient method, the urea is hydrolyzed to ammonium carbamate, which is decomposed to NH and CO2 the gases are then stripped from the wastewater. [Pg.308]

The product of this reaction can be removed as an azeotrope (84.1% amide, 15.9% acetic acid) which boils at 170.8—170.9°C. Acid present in the azeotrope can be removed by the addition of soHd caustic soda [1310-73-2] followed by distillation (2). The reaction can also take place in a solution having a DMAC-acetic acid ratio higher than the azeotropic composition, so that an azeotrope does not form. For this purpose, dimethylamine is added in excess of the stoichiometric proportion (3). If a substantial excess of dimethylamine reacts with acetic acid under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure, a reduced amount of azeotrope is formed. Optimum temperatures are between 250—325°C, and pressures in excess of 6200 kPa (900 psi) are requited (4). DMAC can also be made by the reaction of acetic anhydride [108-24-7] and dimethylamine ... [Pg.84]

United States Caustic Soda Production. In 1987 U.S. production of caustic soda increased to 10.4 million tons (fig. 1), more than 10% over that of the previous year, furthermore, 1988 production was up another 6.7% to 11.1 million tons. The demand for caustic soda has been very strong in recent years as evidenced by both increased U.S. consumption and a strong export demand. In 1987 the United States exported 1.5 million tons, 14.5% of the total caustic soda production (6), representing a 25.5% increase over exports in 1986. Then, in 1988, caustic soda exports grew by another 4.1%. A weak doUar helped boost the 1987 exports. Growth slowed in 1988, however, as a result of an industry (and world) wide caustic soda shortage, which was caused by lower U.S. chlorine consumption and forced allocations. Because industries switched from caustic to soda ash where possible, the lower 1988 export growth was not indicative of caustic soda s export potential. [Pg.478]

Because chlorine and caustic soda are electrolysis coproducts and chlorine cannot be stored economically, caustic soda production has been very... [Pg.478]

Electrolytic plant producing caustic soda, chlorine, and hydrogen from brine. [Pg.480]

Chlorine Caustic Soda Chlorine Caustic Potash ) Chlorine Sodium Soda Ash ) Chlorine Magnesium Chlorine, Caustic Soda Caustic Potash... [Pg.481]

Chlorine Per Capita Consumption. The U.S. per capita consumption of chlorine increased rapidly from 1955 to 1970, with an average aimual growth of 5.8% (Fig. 3). There has beenUtde, if any, growth since 1970 however, and recessionary effects, product maturity, and environmental pressures are evidenced in the cycHc fluctuations. Fluctuations in per capita consumption of chlorine and caustic have more or less tracked each other over the years, although chlorine per capita consumption has consistently exceeded that of caustic soda since 1967. [Pg.481]

Chlorine and caustic soda are coproducts of electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride [7647-14-5] NaCl, (commonly called brine) following the overall chemical reaction... [Pg.481]

Aqueous solutions of caustic soda aie highly alkaline. Hence caustic soda is ptimatily used in neutralization reactions to form sodium salts (79). Sodium hydroxide reacts with amphotoric metals (Al, Zn, Sn) and their oxides to form complex anions such as AlO, ZnO. SnO ", and (or H2O with oxides). Reaction of AI2O2 with NaOH is the primary step during the extraction of alumina from bauxite (see Aluminum compounds) ... [Pg.514]

Caustic soda reacts with weak-acid gases such as H2S, SO2, and CO2. [Pg.514]

The only caustic soda production process besides electrolysis is the soda—lime process involving the reaction of lime with soda ash ... [Pg.514]

Three forms of caustic soda are produced to meet customer needs purified diaphragm caustic (50% Rayon grade), 73% caustic, and anhydrous caustic. Regular 50% caustic from the diaphragm cell process is suitable for most appHcations and accounts for about 85% of the NaOH consumed in the United States. However, it caimot be used in operations such as the manufacture of rayon, the synthesis of alkyl aryl sulfonates, or the production of anhydrous caustic because of the presence of salt, sodium chlorate, and heavy metals. Membrane and mercury cell caustic, on the other hand, is of superior quaUty and... [Pg.514]

Caustic Soda. Diaphragm cell caustic is commercially purified by the DH process or the ammonia extraction method offered by PPG and OxyTech (see Fig. 38), essentially involving Hquid—Hquid extraction to reduce the salt and sodium chlorate content (86). Thus 50% caustic comes in contact with ammonia in a countercurrent fashion at 60°C and up to 2500 kPa (25 atm) pressure, the Hquid NH absorbing salt, chlorate, carbonate, water, and some caustic. The overflow from the reactor is stripped of NH, which is then concentrated and returned to the extraction process. The product, about 62% NaOH and devoid of impurities, is stripped free of NH, which is concentrated and recirculated. MetaUic impurities can be reduced to low concentrations by electrolysis employing porous cathodes. The caustic is then freed of Fe, Ni, Pb, and Cu ions, which are deposited on the cathode. [Pg.515]


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