Carboniferous

Quartzite s compact and crystalline limestone such as carboniferous marble 300 100 to 1000 - -... 

Kohlenlmlk, m. carboniferous limestone, -spat, m anthraconite. -stein, m. carboniferous limestone,... 

Kohlen-ozydvergiftung, /. carbon monoxide poisoning, -oxysulfid, n, carbon oxysulfide. -papier, n. carbon paper, -pres (s)stein, m, coal briquet, -puWer, n, coal powder, powdered coal charcoal powder, powdered charcoal, -puppe, /, (Elec.) carbon rod, -riick-stand, m. carbon residue, -sandstein, m. carboniferous sandstone. 

Scbwarz-blecb, n. black plate (untinned iron plate), -blei, n. black lead (graphite), -blelerz, n. black lead spar (carboniferous cerussite). 

Steinkohlen-verkohlung, -verkokung, /. coking of coal, coking, -zeit, /- Coal Age, Carboniferous. 

Hutchinson, M. W., Measurement While Drilling and After Drilling by Multiple Service Companies Through Upper Carboniferous Formations at a Borehole Test Facility, Kay County, Oklahoma, SPE 22735, 66th Ann. Techn. Conf., Dallas, TX, October 6-9, pp. 741-753, 1991. 

Carboniferous 345 Myr Climate cools, marked latitudinal gradients. Extensive forests of early vascular plants, especially club mosses, horsetails, ferns. Coal beds form. Amphibians diversify first reptiles appear. Radiation of early insect orders... 

FIGURE 15.7 Secondary changes in the total group composition of soluble organic matter as a result of simulated water washing extracts of the Miocene lignite and shale (both of the Bechatow open cast mine, Poland), the Upper Devonian shale (the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland), and the Upper Carboniferous bituminous coal (the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland). 

Important metallic ore deposits include Besshi (Kieslager)-type (strata-bound cupriferous pyritic deposits), strata-bound Mn-Fe-type, skam-type, Kuroko-type and vein-type. Dominant non-metallic deposits are limestone, clay, native sulfur, zeolite, silica and gypsum deposits. The deposits are divisible into three groups, based on their ages of formation Carboniferous-Jurassic, Cretaceous-Paleogene and Tertiary-present. 

Age of formation of Hitachi subtype is Middle Permian (Yanahara), and carboniferous-Permian (Hitachi). 

Sandstone The tertiary, Jurassic and Triassic sandstones of the western Cordillera of the United States account for most of the uranium production in that country. Cretaceous and Permian sandstones are important host rocks in Argentina. Other important deposits are found in carboniferous deltaic sandstones in Niger in Permian Lacustrine siltstones in France and in Permian sandstones of the Alpine region. The deposits in Precambrian marginal marine sandstones in Gabon have also been classified as sandstone deposits. 

A comparison of Tables I and II shows that the major coal measures of the world were derived from several quite different floristic assemblages. Thus the plants that gave rise to coals in Europe and the east and midwest of North America in the Carboniferous were part of a complex flora that included ferns, seed ferns, horsetails, lycopods and conifer precursors. Except for the conifer precursors, lignified xylem tissues tended to be minimal in these plant groups and unusually large leaves with extensive waxy cuticles were characteristic of three of the groups. 

Concerning the distribution of degradofusinites, M. Teichmuller states (26) "By far the greatest part of Carboniferous and Permian fusinite and semifusinite occurs in dull coal bands (du-rains). These fusinites, in contrast to the fusain lenses, are not visible macroscopically. Their cell structures are poorly... 

The remainder of this paper can be restricted to coals of North America, since this is the area for which we have data and in any case other contributors to this collection will deal with the coals of their own areas. The first statement above needs qualification we ourselves have no liquefaction data on Canadian coals, but Ignasiak et al. (48) present some in this collection.Relying, as in the earlier part of this paper, on geological information, we can say that the strata of the North Great Plains and Rocky Mountain provinces continue north into Canada, as does the Pacific province. Nova Scotia contains some Carboniferous coals related to those in the Eastern province. 

Eastern (Appalachian) Carboniferous Pa., Ohio, W. Va., Ala., Tenn., E. Ky. HVB to anthracite variable S (medium to high)... 

Whereas the majority of the black coals in the northern hemisphere, including the USA and Europe, were formed during the Carboniferous age, the black coals of Australia are, in the main, Permian. The latter include the coals from the two major basins -the Sydney and the Bowen - and also large deposits in the Galilee Basin (Queensland), at Oaklands (N.S.W.), Lake Phillipson (South Australia) and Collie (West Australia) as well as the deep coal in the Cooper Basin (the Cooper Basin is in the N.E. corner of South Australia extending into the S.W. corner of Queensland (refer Fig. 1)). 

Except for a relatively small (<500 million ton) lignite deposit in northern Ontario s James Bay area, the Central region (i.e., Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba), which accommodates some 70% of the country s population and the greater part of its industry, is devoid of coal and the Maritime Provinces (principally Nova Scotia) contain less than 1% of Canada s total coal - mostly Carboniferous hvb coal which closely resembles Its Eastern US counterparts. 

The solubilities thus recorded for 13 Western (Cretaceous) coals (with 69.6-91.5% carbon, daf) and 8 Carboniferous coals (80.6-90.9% C, daf) are shown in Figure 1, and indicate that... 

What is, however, still unclear is whether these effects arise solely from different chemical compositions (and molecular configurations) or are also, at least in part, a consequence of the Cretaceous coals generally containing almost twice as much mineral matter as the Carboniferous samples. 

The Role of Ether-Linkages in Solubilization of Low-Rank Carboniferous Coals by H-Donors... 

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