Carboniferous limestone

Kohlenlmlk, m. carboniferous limestone, -spat, m anthraconite. -stein, m. carboniferous limestone,... 

A hard, compact, nodular variety of haematite is found in Cumberland in the carboniferous limestone series of Cleator Moor, in Furness in North Lancashire, and to a less extent in Devonshire, and from its shape is termed kidney ore. The ore is very low in phosphorus, and is particularly valuable for making Bessemer pig iron—that is, pig iron suitable for the manufacture of steel by the acid Bessemer process. The Furness ore appears to have been worked in prehistoric times. 

Burford, E.P., Hillier, S., and Gadd, G.M. (2006). Biomineralization of fungal hyphae with calcite (CaCOs) and calcium oxalate mono- and dihydrate in carboniferous limestone microcosms. Gemicrobiology J. 23, 599-611. 

Biosparites are the most widespread type of massive, well bedded limestones. They consist of fragments of calcareous skeletons and small shells in a matrix of recrystallised calcite. They are typical of many Carboniferous limestones. 

Carboniferous limestone was deposited in the Carboniferous period 286 to 360 million years ago. 

Caldtes associated with Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc mineralization in Carboniferous limestone in Illinois show a marked decrease in 5 C during their growth coupled with only a small decrease in 5 0 (Figure 7.19). These changes indicate that early caldtes were very similar in composition to carbonates in the limestone, whilst late in the evolution of the hydrothermal system, fluids associated with the degradation of organic carbon become important (Richardson et al. 1988). 

Dolomite occurs in the Permian Magnesian Limestone and the Carboniferous Limestone (Table 9 ). The Permian deposit runs along the eastern side of the Pennines from Nottingham in the south to Coxhoe and Hartlepool in the north. Deposits of dolomite are found also in South Wales. 

The main stratum of the study areas is Ordovician system, the black coal system and permian system, the Jurassic system Cretaceous system the Tertiary system and the Quaternary system, the coal system stratum is respectively the black coal system Benxi Group, the Taiyuan Group, and permian system Shanxi Group. The major aquifers in mines are Quaternary conglomerate aquifer, Tertiary conglomerate aquifer, Permian Shanxi Group sandstone aquifer. Carboniferous Taiyuan Group limestone aquifer. Carboniferous limestone aquifer and Benxi Ordovician limestone aquifer. 

Angular unconformity between highly folded Horton Flags, Silurian, below and almost horizontal Lower Carboniferous Limestone above, Helwith Bridge, North Yorkshire, England. 

Carboniferous limestone being polished for facing stone, Orton, Cumbria, England. 

The strata in the area between central Longmenshan fault and frontal Longmenshan fault from old to new are (a) Devonian Limestone and dolomite (b) Carboniferous limestone and marl (c) upper Permian flint limestone, shale and coal seam, lower Permian limestone, dolom-itic limestone (d) shale, lithic sandstone and coal seam, purple-gray mudstone, siltstone, and gray dolomitic limestone of Xujiahe group in Triassic system (f) Holocene sandy loam and loam. 

Carboniferous limestone and dolomite horizons occurring at a depth from 5 to 100 m from the surface, which are often karstified and crushed (midCarboniferous deposits contain a regional groundwater aquifer, which is the principal for water supply in Moscow. Special attention should be paid for protecting this aquifer from contamination.) ... 

Syers, J. K. (1964). A study of soil formation on carboniferous limestone with particular reference to lichens as pedogenic agents. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Durham, England. 

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