Glaciations Carboniferous-Permian

Fig. 6.20 Estimated carbon isotopic fractionation during photosynthesis (broken line) and derived atmospheric 02/C02 ratio (solid line) in comparison with mass-balance model of atmospheric 02/C02 ratio (half-tone band) spanning the Carboniferous-Permian glaciation (after Beerling et al. 2002).

The great Carboniferous-Permian glaciation (330-270 Ma) covered the supercontinent of Gondwanaland prior to its Mesozoic-Cenozoic dispersion. 

Fig. 11.7 The glaciation of Gondwana occurred primarily because parts of this large continent moved across the south geographic pole of the Earth from the Late Devonian to Early Permian. After two initial episodes of alpine glaciation (I and II) in the area of what is now South America, a large continental ice sheet (IIIA) developed during the Early Carboniferous (i.e., Mississippian) and spread across a large area of Gondwana including territories that are today South Africa, Australia,...

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