Carboniferous Permian

Age of formation of Hitachi subtype is Middle Permian (Yanahara), and carboniferous-Permian (Hitachi). 

Rapid Carboniferous subsidence was followed by Late Carboniferous-Permian uplift which was part of the regional Late Variscan inversion event. Although a dominant N-S to NNW-SSE compres-sional stress field is recognized through NW Europe at this time (Coward, 1995), Kerr (1987) demonstrated evidence for local E-W compression in the North Antrim region. This resulted in E-W strike-slip faults and transtensional N-S reactivation of... 

The mass transfer problem may be resolved if eogenetic pore fluids were transmitted locally across the GGF in response to fault-related changes in pore pressure and near-surface hydrology (e.g. Knipe, 1993). The cemented fractures at Ballycastle show clear evidence for elevated pore fluid pressures and hydraulic fracturing, and the pulsed nature of dolomite cementation implies a tectonic drive. Kerr (1987) commented on the likelihood that the GGF was active in the Late Carboniferous/ Permian. Argillaceous coastal plain sediments asso-... 

Francis, E.H. (1991) Carboniferous-Permian igneous rocks. In Geology ofScotland(EA.Ct g,G.. ),pp. 349-420. Geological Society Publishing House, Bath. 

Major coal deposits coincided with periods following regression, which is consistent with the most suitable conditions for deposition—a steady increase in accommodation space—being predominantly found in lowland coastal swamps (Section 3.4.2a). Two main episodes of coal formation can be distinguished the first during the Carboniferous—Permian and a second smaller episode spanning the Jurassic to early Tertiary. The majority of coals formed in the earlier episode are now bituminous coals or anthracites, whereas those from the Tertiary are mainly brown coals. 

The major Carboniferous—Permian icehouse episode at c.300 Ma is associated with elevated atmospheric oxygen concentrations (Fig. 6.14d) and so has been attributed to elevated levels of photosynthesis, which caused atmospheric 02 levels to increase while C02 was drawn out of the atmosphere and locked away in the geochemical C cycle (Berner 1990 Crowell 1999). At the time, the land mass was assembled into a supercontinent, Pangaea, which formed a continuous meridional belt almost from pole to pole (Fig. 6.19). In the equatorial belt, where the areas now represented by Europe... 

Fig. 6.20 Estimated carbon isotopic fractionation during photosynthesis (broken line) and derived atmospheric 02/C02 ratio (solid line) in comparison with mass-balance model of atmospheric 02/C02 ratio (half-tone band) spanning the Carboniferous-Permian glaciation (after Beerling et al. 2002).

The most important deposits were formed in the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary periods. All major deposits are of marine origin. 

Fig. 4. C28/C29 sterane ratios for crude oils generated from marine source rocks (stippled area) generally increase from the Paleozoic to the present due to increasing phytoplankton diversity (Grantham and Wakefield, 1988). The six Algerian oil samples have C28/C29 sterane ratios in the range 0.38-0.44 (solid bar), consistent with Paleozoic source rock. G, O, S, D, C, P, Tr, J, K, T, Cz—Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Cenozoic, respectively.

Sano, H. and Kanmera, K. (1996) Microbial controls on Panthalassan Carboniferous-Permian oceanic buildups, Japan. Facies, 34, 239-256. 

Ordovician 1 1 Devonian Silurian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous ... 

The great Carboniferous-Permian glaciation (330-270 Ma) covered the supercontinent of Gondwanaland prior to its Mesozoic-Cenozoic dispersion. 

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