Fossil fuel derived carbon transport

Carbon Isotopes as Tracers of Biogenic and Fossil-Fuel-Derived Carbon Transport in the Atmosphere... 

The hydrogen plants described above serve as excellent platforms for pre-combustion CO2 capture because most of the feedstock carbon has been already converted to CO2 and separated as a relatively pure stream, ready for dehydration, compression, pipeline transport and geologic storage. The result is fossil fuel-derived hydrogen that has been decarbonized via pre-combustion CO2 capture. 

Some component of the terrestrial POM must be extremely nonreactive to enable a higher burial efficiency as compared to autochthonous POM. A possible candidate for this nonreactive terrestrial POM is black carbon. This material is a carbon-rich residue produced by biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. Some black carbon also appears to be derived from graphite weathered from rocks. It is widely distributed in marine sediments and possibly carried to the open ocean via aeolian transport. 

Tin may be transported in the atmosphere by the release of particulate matter derived from the combustion of fossil fuels and solid wastes. The vapor pressure of elemental tin is negligible (Cooper and Stranks 1966). Tin in aerosol samples that existed in particulate-carbon masses was removed from the atmosphere predominantly by gravitational settling (Byrd and Andreae 1986). The half- life of airborne particles is usually on the order of days, depending on the size of the particle and atmospheric conditions (Nriagu 1979). Removal by washout mechanisms (such as rain) is thought to be unimportant. 

Hydrocarbons derived from fossil fuel are the main source of energy and raw material for petrochemicals in the industrial world. When not used in combustion to generate power and heat, fossil fuels are refined in various petrochemical transformation processes into purer and higher-valued products. This chapter continues the discussion by Leo Manzer to address opportunities for research in chemical sciences to reduce carbon (dioxide) emission. Although the large majority of carbon emission is from power generation and transportation, the discussion here focuses on hydrocarbon conversion in the chemical processing industry, with only a brief discussion of hydrocarbon conversion in fuel cell applications. 

The implications of switching chemical manufacture from its current reliance on nonrenewable fossil fuel feedstocks to utilization of renewable, plant-derived feedstocks is considerable. The U.S. chemical industry currently uses 5 quads (1 quad = 1 x 10 British thermal units) of carbon for manufacture of organic chemicals. If these 5 quads of carbon were derived from renewable feedstocks, a net consumption of CO2 would be realized, given that the polyols used as starting materials are biosynthesized by plants from CO2 and are essentially immobilized forms of CO2. Since international treaties eventually require reductions in CO2 emissions in the United States, large-scale consumption of CO2 to make chemicals may be used as a credit to offset CO2 emissions resulting from combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity and combustion of petroleum-based transportation fuels. 

The urge to find sustainable replacements for transport fuel has led to a drive to find renewable, nontoxic, and carbon-neutral biofuels. Biodiesel is a fuel composed of mono-alkyl ester derived from vegetables oil or fats oil, which is proven to contribute to reductions in the world s dependence on fossil oils (Mumgesan et al., 2009). The most significant advantages of biodiesel usage over fossil fuel are ... 

AssiDoman carbort dioxide emissions derive from biofuels and fossit fuels. The carbon dioxide from biofuels, COj biogenic, which constitutes tN greater part, is bound in the growing forest and therefore does not influence Uie concentration of CO in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide that is emitted by combustion of fossil fuels in forestry, pulp arid paper mik, and transport does, however, contribute to the greenhouse effect... 

It should be mentioned here that almost all fuels suitable for traditional transport vehicles are compounds containing predominantly carbon and hydrogen. In the case of fossil derived fuels, the only other constituent elements, such as nitrogen and sulfur, are generally regarded as undesirable contaminants. Compounds such as tetraethyl lead are typically added to modify... 

The introduction of biomass-derived components or even substitution fuels may help to alleviate the dependency on oil and to control fossil carbon dioxide emissions from transport, provided some conditions are respected ... 

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