Carbon tetrachloride physical properties

Physical Properties. All heavier than, and insoluble in water. All liquids, except iodoform, CHI3, which is a yellow crystalline solid with a characteristic odour. The remainder are colourless liquids when pure ethyl iodide, CjHjI, and iodobenzene, CjHgl, are, however, usually yellow or even brown in colour. Methyl iodide, CH3I, ethyl bromide, CgH Br, ethyl iodide, chloroform, CHCI3, and carbon tetrachloride, CCI4, have sweetish odours, that of chloroform being particularly characteristic. 

Styrene is a colorless Hquid with an aromatic odor. Important physical properties of styrene are shown in Table 1 (1). Styrene is infinitely soluble in acetone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, ether, / -heptane, and ethanol. Nearly all of the commercial styrene is consumed in polymerization and copolymerization processes. Common methods in plastics technology such as mass, suspension, solution, and emulsion polymerization can be used to manufacture polystyrene and styrene copolymers with different physical characteristics, but processes relating to the first two methods account for most of the styrene polymers currendy (ca 1996) being manufactured (2—8). Polymerization generally takes place by free-radical reactions initiated thermally or catalyticaHy. Polymerization occurs slowly even at ambient temperatures. It can be retarded by inhibitors. 

Zirconium tetrabromide [13777-25-8] ZrBr, is prepared direcdy from the elements or by the reaction of bromine on a mixture of zirconium oxide and carbon. It may also be made by halogen exchange between the tetrachloride and aluminum bromide. The physical properties are given in Table 7. The chemical behavior is similar to that of the tetrachloride. 

With minor exceptions the requirements for the physical and chemical properties of asphalt were essentially the same for the three national specifications and included penetration and ductiUty at 25 °C flash point % loss at 163 °C penetration of residue as a % of original solubiUty in carbon disulfide solubiUty in carbon tetrachloride specific gravity at 25°C and softening point. 

Butadiene is a noncorrosive, colorless, flammable gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It has a mildly aromatic odor. It is sparingly soluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol and ethanol, and soluble in organic solvents like diethyl ether, ben2ene, and carbon tetrachloride. Its important physical properties are summarized in Table 1 (see also references 11, 12). 1,2-Butadiene is much less studied. It is a flammable gas at ambient conditions. Some of its properties are summarized in Table 2. 

The physical properties of carbon tetrachloride are Hsted in Tables 1 and 2. 

Physical properties of hexachloroethane are Hsted in Table 11. Hexachloroethane is thermally cracked in the gaseous phase at 400—500°C to give tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and chlorine (140). The thermal decomposition may occur by means of radical-chain mechanism involving -C,C1 -C1, or CCl radicals. The decomposition is inhibited by traces of nitric oxide. Powdered 2inc reacts violentiy with hexachloroethane in alcohoHc solutions to give the metal chloride and tetrachloroethylene aluminum gives a less violent reaction (141). Hexachloroethane is unreactive with aqueous alkali and acid at moderate temperatures. However, when heated with soHd caustic above 200°C or with alcohoHc alkaHs at 100°C, decomposition to oxaHc acid takes place. 

AHyl chloride is a colorless Hquid with a disagreeable, pungent odor. Although miscible in typical compounds such as alcohol, chloroform, ether, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, heptane, toluene, and acetone, aHyl chloride is only slightly soluble in water (21—23). Other physical properties are given in Table 1. 

Oleoyl chloride has been prepared by treatment of oleic acid with thionyl chloride,3 phosphorus trichloride or pentachloride, and oxalyl chloride.4 The highest yield (86%) reported was secured by use of oxalyl chloride in carbon tetrachloride, but the more economical phosphorus trichloride gave a yield of 60%. The standard procedures for obtaining aliphatic acid chlorides have been described many times without inclusion of details other than physical properties. Only references to the procedures useful in the laboratory are given. 

Elemental composition Os 74.82%, 0 25.18%. The compound can be identified by its physical properties, such as, odor, color, density, melting-, and boiling points. Its acrid odor is perceptible at concentrations of 0.02 mg/hter in air. The oxide also produces an orange color when a small amount of the compound or its aqueous solution is mixed with an aqueous solution of ammonia in KOH (see Reactions). Aqueous solution of the tetroxide may be analyzed for osmium by AA or ICP spectrometry (see Osmium). Vapors of the tetroxide may be purged from an aqueous solution by helium, adsorbed over a trap, and desorbed thermally by helium onto a GC. Alternatively, a benzene or carbon tetrachloride solution may be injected onto the GC and the compound peak identified by mass spectrometry. The characteristic mass ions for its identification should be 190 and 254. 

Elemental composition Sn 45.56%, Cl 54.44%. The compound may be identified from its physical properties. An aqueous solution may be analyzed by AA, ICP and other techniques to determine tin content. The compound may be dissolved in toluene or carbon tetrachloride, diluted sufficiently, and analyzed by GC/MS. 

These experts collectively have knowledge of carbon tetrachloride s physical and chemical properties, toxicokinetics, key health end points, mechanisms of action, human and animal exposure, and quantification of risk to humans. All reviewers were selected in conformity with the conditions for peer review specified in Section 104(i)(13) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, as amended. 

Table 3-2 lists important physical and chemical properties of carbon tetrachloride. 

TABLE 3-2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Carbon Tetrachloride... 

Physical and Chemical Properties. The physical and chemical properties of carbon tetrachloride have been well-studied, and reliable values for key parameters are available for use in environmental fate and transport models. On this basis, it does not appear that further studies of the physical- chemical properties of carbon tetrachloride are essential. 

J. S. Rowltnson (Manchester) I am very glad that Dr. Davies has stressed the importance of gas-phase measurements of the second virial coefficient as a measure of the strength of the bonds between dimers. The second virial coefficient is undoubtedly the simplest physical property which refers solely to the interaction of molecules in pairs. In particular, I would point out that the second virial coefficients of methanol give a heat of association of about 4-5 fecal/mole. The measurements would not, I think, be consistent with a heat as high as the 9 kcal reported by Dr. E. D. Becker for the formation of dimer in carbon tetrachloride. Moreover, the effect of the medium would be expected to bring a lowering of the gas-phase heat, as Dr. Davies has shown. 

Some selected chemical and physical properties of naphthalene are given in Table I. Naphthalene is very slightly soluble in water but is appreciably soluble in many organic solvents, e.g.. 1.2,3,4-tctrahydronaphthalene, phenols, ethers, carbon disulfide, chloroform, benzene, coal-tar naphtha, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and decahydronaphthalene. 

Halogenation. Halogenation of the asphaltenes—by addition of the halogen to a solution of the asphaltenes in refluxing carbon tetrachloride —occurs readily to afford the corresponding halo derivatives (10). The physical properties of the halogenated materials are markedly different from those of the parent asphaltenes. For example, the unreacted asphaltenes are dark brown, amorphous, and readily soluble in benzene, nitrobenzene, and carbon tetrachloride, but the products are black, shiny, and only sparingly soluble, if at all, in these solvents. 

Laurence51 has derived cr/ values (he uses the symbol correlation analysis of the carbonyl stretching frequencies of 4-substituted camphors in carbon tetrachloride. The value of 0.11 is given for the vinyl group, in good agreement with the reactivity-based values discussed above, in spite of the use of a non-polar medium. Laurence compares this with a statistical value of 0.06 from Taft and Topsom57, said to refer to effects on physical properties in either the gas phase or in hydrocarbon or similar solvents. 

Some of the observed physical properties of hydrocarbons result from the nonpolar character of the compounds. In general, hydrocarbons do not mix with polar solvents such as water or ethyl alcohol. On the other hand, hydrocarbons mix with relatively nonpolar solvents such as ligroin (a mixture of alkanes), carbon tetrachloride, or dichloromethane. Since the density of most hydrocarbons is less than that of water, they will float. Crude oil and crude oil products (home heating oil and gasoline) are mixtures of hydrocarbons these substances, when spilled on water, spread quickly along the surface because they are insoluble in water. 

Benzisothiazole is a very pale yellow solid, m.p. 37°, with an odor of bitter almonds. It is slightly soluble in water, volatile in steam, and very soluble in concentrated acids and in almost all organic solvents. It boils at 220° without appreciable decomposition.3 Few other physical properties or spectroscopic data appear to have been recorded, but the 60 MHz NMR spectrum of a solution in carbon tetrachloride shows a singlet at 8.735, ascribed to the proton on the heterocyclic ring, and a complex band between 7.12 and 8.008 resulting from the benzenoid ring protons.25... 

Orthorhombic and Monoclinic Sulfur. Sulfur exists in several allotropic forms. Ordinary sulfur is a yellow solid substance which forms crystals with orthorhombic symmetry it is calleo orthorhombic sulfur or, usually, rhombic sulfur. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide (CSg), carbon tetrachloride, and similar non-polar solvents, giving solutions from which well formed crystals of sulfur can be obtained (Fig. 17-1). Some of its physical properties are given in Table 17-1. 

Physical and Chemical Properties It is a colourless liquid with a pungent odour and boils at ordinary pressure at 133° to 135° C. with decomposition. At 16 mm. pressure it distils unaltered at 42° C. It melts at — 70° C. and has a S.G. at 15° C. of 1-492, while its vapour density is 4-5 (air = i). The volatility at 20° C. is 60,000 mgm. per cu. m. It is immiscible with sulphuric acid, but miscible with carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and ethyl alcohol. It is insoluble in water, which hydrolyses it according to the equation ... 

Being compounds of low polarity, the alkynes have physical properties that are essentially the same as those of the alkanes and alkenes. They are insoluble in water but quite soluble in the usual organic solvents of low polarity ligroin, ether, benzene, carbon tetrachloride. They are less dense than water. Their boiling points (Table 8.1) show the usual increase with increasing carbon number,... 

Equations for the calculation of the frequency f of vapour bubbles of departure diameter dA, originally started with the assumption that fdA = const, where the constants for water and carbon tetrachloride were found to be lOOmm/s [4.60]. The constants were later expressed in terms of the physical properties of the boiling liquid,... 

The Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) was passed in 1976 and is contained in 15 USC 2601 et seq. It regulates toxic substances, other than wastes, that are not adequately covered by other statutes. Promulgation of TSCA gave the EPA the authority to manage chemicals from production to final disposal. In fact, if a compound (e.g., carbon tetrachloride) is found to pose unreasonable risk to human health or the environment, the EPA can immediately remove it from commerce. The TSCA s requiring a premanufacture notification (PMN) 90 days prior to manufacture has minimized the occurrence of immediate emergency removal of toxic chemicals. The PMN contains information on the physical/chemical properties, health... 

---