Capacity carbon

The work presented in this chapter involves the study of high capacity carbonaceous materials as anodes for lithium-ion battery applications. There are hundreds and thousands of carbonaceous materials commercially available. Lithium can be inserted reversibly within most of these carbons. In order to prepare high capacity carbons for hthium-ion batteries, one has to understand the physics and chemistry of this insertion. Good understanding will ultimately lead to carbonaceous materials with higher capacity and better performance. 

The latter, so-called "high specific charge" or "high capacity", carbons have received considerable attention in recent research and development. Usually they are synthesized at rather low temperatures, ranging from -500 to -1000 °C, and can exhibit reversible specific charges from -400 to -2000 Ah kg (x= -1.2 to -5 in... 

Zheng, L., Zhong Q., and Dahn J.R. High-Capacity Carbons Prepared from Phenolic Resin for Anodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 211-214 (1995). 

Xiang H.Q., Fang S.B., Yjiang Y. A model for lithium in high-capacity carbons with large hysteresis. Carbon 1999 37 709-11. 

In some petroleum refineries or chemical plants, an on-site fire brigade that is equipped with an apparatus capable of dispensing large volumes of dry chemical, or a vehicle with a large-capacity carbon dioxide (C02) cylinder is common practice. 

G.T.K. Fey, D.C. Lee, and Y.Y. Lin, High-capacity carbons prepared from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer for use as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 119-121 39-44, June 2003. 

Zhou, P., P. Papanek, C. Bindra, R. Lee, and J. E. Fischer. 1997. High capacity carbon anode materials Structure, hydrogen effect, and stability../. Power Sources 68 296-300. 

Zheng T, Zhong Q, Dahn JR. High-capacity carbons prepared from phenolic resin for anodes of lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc 1995 142 L211-L214. 

Calculations of treatment costs for supercritical soil remediation were made with a computer model that evaluates the capital and operating costs depending on plant capacity, carbon dioxide conditions for extraction and separation, operating conditions, soil transport and pretreatment and other boundary conditions like maintenance, depreciation or insurance. Some additional important parameters for the plant design are given in table 1. 

The level of compression of carbon dioxide required is dependent on the disposal option but can generally be said to be in the range of 150-180 bar for disposal in saline aquifers and depleted oil reservoirs. Disposal in coal measures may require less compression (80-100 bar) and deep sea trenches more (250-300 bar). High capacity carbon dioxide injection plants are complex and require multi-stage compression steps. This amount of compression requires significant levels of power, this has been estimated by Saxena and Flintoff and summarised in Table 6.6 for... 

Figure 2, RC/Bahco SOj removal system estimated installed cost vs. capacity (carbon steel modules less turnkey)...

Several animal inhalation toxicity studies have been conducted on various jet fuels (summarized in Table 4-2). In one study, male F344 rats were exposed to shale-oil-derived JP-4 continuously for 90 days by inhalation at 1,000 mg/m3. The exposure resulted in no effects on lung volumes, dynamic resistance and compliance, quasistatic compliance, partial and full forced vital capacities, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, and closing volume. There... 

Moisture does not impair the adsorptive capacity carbons have been stored in water for several years without any impairment. Moisturized carbon is suitable for all aqueous solutions and also for some organic liquids. 

In general, the higher the KOH/precursor ratio, the stronger the changes produced and the higher the adsorption capacity. The final temperature of the treatment may have a certain influence on the adsorption capacity developed, but much less than the KOH/precursor ratio. Basically, KOH activation produces high adsorption capacity carbons of exbemely narrow... 

Patel HA, Karadas E, Canlier A et al (2012) High capacity carbon dioxide adsorption by inexpensive covalent organic polymers. J Mater Chem 22 8431-8437... 

Sharon, M., et al., (2004). Synthesis of Carbon Nano-Fiber from Ethanol and IPs Hydrogen Adsorption Capacity. Carbon,. 61 p. 21-26. 

H2 storage for on-board vehicular Near or meeting DOE target storage capacity Carbon nanotubes Possible candidate ( )... 

Figure 10.25 Trace analysis of bromate on a high-capacity carbonate-selective anion exchanger using CRD 300. Separator column lonPac AS23 with guard column temperature 30 °C eluent 4.5 mmol/L Na2C03 -i-1 mmol/L NaHCOj flow rate 1 mL/min detection ...

Figure 10.28 Separation of chlorite, bromate, bromide, and chlorate at trace levels in reagent water and spiked tap water using ERA Method 317.0 using a high-capacity carbon-ate-seiective anion exchanger. Separator coiumn lonPac AS9-HC with guard coiumn dimensions 250mm x4 mm i.d. eiuent 9mmoi/L Na2C03 flow rate 1.3ml7min detection suppressed conductivity and...

Figure 5.10. Diagrammatic models of the suggested mechanisms for reversible lithium storage in high-capacity carbon materials...

In order to resolve these drawbacks, research is now turning toward the production of high-capacity carbons with characteristics equivalent to those of graphite. 

Here, we shall not give the mass capacities of high-capacity carbonic materials - whose theoretical capacities may be, e.g., twice as great as those of graphite (for instance, Li2Cg, 740 mAh/g) or even greater - because they are not currently used in commercial batteries. The major problem with these materials remains the significant irreversible capacity obtained with the first lithium insertion (formation process). 

Lithium-ion batteries occupy a large and increasing share of the rechargeable-battery market as a result of their excellent performance in terms of cycle life, energy density, power density and charge rate. However, for the successful use of carbon electrodes in secondary lithium-ion batteries, much work, such as the selection of high reversible and low irreversible capacity carbons, as well as understanding the complex mechanism of lithium-ion intercalation into lithium, has still to be done. 

---