Carbon nanotubes interaction

Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. et al. (2005) Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicology Letters, 155 (3), 377—384. 

Lu G, Maragakis P, Kaxiras E (2005) Carbon nanotube interaction with DNA. Nano Lett. 5 897-900. 

Monteiro-Riviere NA, Inman AO, Wang YY, Nemanich RJ (2005a) Surfactant effects on carbon nanotube interactions with human keratinocytes. Nanomedicine Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 1 293-299. 

The DNA-carbon nanotube interaction is a complicated and dynamic process. Many studies on this subject have been pursued through a series of techniques, including molecular dynamic simulation, microscopy, circular dichroism, and optical spectroscopy.57,58 Although the detailed mechanism is not fully understood at present, several physical factors have been proposed to be driving DNA-carbon nanotube interactions,46,59-61 such as entropy loss due to confinement of the DNA backbone, van der Waals and hydrophobic (rr-stacking) interactions, electronic interactions between DNA and carbon nanotubes, and nanotube deformation. A recent UV optical spectroscopy study of the ssDNA-SWNT system demonstrated experimentally that... 

BassU, A., Puech, R, Landa, G., Bacsa, W., Barrau, S., Demont, P, Lacabanne, C., Perez, E., Bacsa, R., Flahaut, E., Peigney, A., and Laurent, C., Spectroscopic detection of carbon nanotube interaction with amphiphilic molecules in epoxy resin composites, J. Appl. Phys.,... 

TonneUi FMP, Santos AK, Gomes KN, Lorencon E, Guatimosim S, Ladeira LO, et al. Carbon nanotube interaction with extracellular matrix proteins producing scaffolds for tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine 2012 7 4511—29. 

McCarthy B, Dalton A B, Coleman J N, Byrne H J, Bernier P and Blau W J (2001) Spectroscopic investigation of conjugated polymer/ single-waUed carbon nanotube interactions, Chem Phys Lett 350 27-32. 

Ahsafaei, R, and Ansari, R. Mechanics of concentric carbon nanotubes Interaction force and suction energy. Computational Materials Science, 50,1406-1413, (2011). 

The t-XRF technique has also been applied to study cell-carbon nanotube interactions." Bussy and co-workers studied the distribution of unpurified and purified single-walled (SW) and multiwalled (MW) carbon nanotubes (CNT) in macrophages by monitoring the catalyst metal particle employed in most synthesis technique and finally remaining attached to or contained in nanotubes (Figures 11.16 and 11.17). The p-XRF technique is used to study CNT localization at the single-cell level with simultaneous analysis of the biological... 

Of particular importance to carbon nanotube physics are the many possible symmetries or geometries that can be realized on a cylindrical surface in carbon nanotubes without the introduction of strain. For ID systems on a cylindrical surface, translational symmetry with a screw axis could affect the electronic structure and related properties. The exotic electronic properties of ID carbon nanotubes are seen to arise predominately from intralayer interactions, rather than from interlayer interactions between multilayers within a single carbon nanotube or between two different nanotubes. Since the symmetry of a single nanotube is essential for understanding the basic physics of carbon nanotubes, most of this article focuses on the symmetry properties of single layer nanotubes, with a brief discussion also provided for two-layer nanotubes and an ordered array of similar nanotubes. 

The electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been studied theoretically using different methods[4-12. It is found that if n — wr is a multiple of 3, the nanotube will be metallic otherwise, it wiU exhibit a semiconducting behavior. Calculations on a 2D array of identical armchair nanotubes with parallel tube axes within the local density approximation framework indicate that a crystal with a hexagonal packing of the tubes is most stable, and that intertubule interactions render the system semiconducting with a zero energy gap[35]. 

TT-Electron materials, which are defined as those having extended Jt-electron clouds in the solid state, have various peculiar properties such as high electron mobility and chemical/biological activities. We have developed a set of techniques for synthesizing carbonaceous K-electron materials, especially crystalline graphite and carbon nanotubes, at temperatures below 1000°C. We have also revealed new types of physical or chemical interactions between Jt-electron materials and various other materials. The unique interactions found in various Jt-electron materials, especially carbon nanotubes, will lay the foundation for developing novel functional, electronic devices in the next generation. 

Recently, TsHs has been encapsulated within single-walled (SWNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with internal diameters of 0.8-8 nm. It was shown that the best results were obtained when the internal diameters (1.4—1.5 nm for SWNTs and 1.0-3.0 nm for MWNTs) slightly exceeded the diameter of TsHs (1.2 nm). T8H8 was introduced in the gas phase and reacted with the nanotubes through van der Waals interactions. ... 

There is currently considerable interest in processing polymeric composite materials filled with nanosized rigid particles. This class of material called "nanocomposites" describes two-phase materials where one of the phases has at least one dimension lower than 100 nm [13]. Because the building blocks of nanocomposites are of nanoscale, they have an enormous interface area. Due to this there are a lot of interfaces between two intermixed phases compared to usual microcomposites. In addition to this, the mean distance between the particles is also smaller due to their small size which favors filler-filler interactions [14]. Nanomaterials not only include metallic, bimetallic and metal oxide but also polymeric nanoparticles as well as advanced materials like carbon nanotubes and dendrimers. However considering environmetal hazards, research has been focused on various means which form the basis of green nanotechnology. 

These problems have been improved in recent years by the microfabrication of sharp tips with radii less than 10 nm, the observation in an SEM or STEM of the exact radius before and after the experiment, the use of robust carbon-nanotube probes, and general improvements in control electronics. However, another method used initially was the attachment of a small colloid particle in place of the AFM tip. These particles were considered a reasonably good approximation to a single-asperity contact their radii were accurately known and remained the same for the duration of the experiment. Such probes have also been used to investigate colloids where surface roughness is an important aspect of the colloid interaction. 

Robel, I., Bunker, B. A. and Kamat, P. V. (2005) Single-walled carbon nanotube-CdS nanocomposites as light-harvesting assemblies Photoinduced charge-transfer interactions. Adv. Mater., 17, 2458-22463. 

Casey, A. et al. (2007) Probing the interaction of single walled carbon nanotubes within cell culture medium as a precursor to toxicity testing. Carbon,... 

Zhang, L.W. et al. (2007) Biological interactions of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes in human epidermal keratinocytes. International Journal of Toxicology, 26 (2), 103-113. 

Pacurari, M. et al. (2008) Oxidative and molecular interactions of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in normal and malignant human mesothelial cells. Nanotoxicology, 2 (3), 155-170. 

Since their first discovery by Iijima in 1991 [1], carbon nanotubes have attracted a great deal of interest due to their very exciting properties. Their structure is characterized by cylindrically shaped enclosed graphene layers that can form co-axially stacked multi-wall nanotubes (MWNTs) or single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs). Like in graphite, carbon atoms are strongly bonded to each other in the curved honeycomb network but have much weaker Van der Waals-type interaction with carbons belonging to... 

Some of the better solvents for pure SWNTs are the amide-containing ones, like DMF or N-methylpyrrolidone, but they still do not permit full dissolution, just dispersion (Boul et al., 1999 Liu et al., 1999). The addition of surfactants to carbon nanotube suspensions can aid in their solubilization, and even permit their complete dispersion in aqueous solution. The hydro-phobic tails of surfactant molecules adsorb onto the surface of the carbon nanotube, while the hydrophilic parts permit interaction with the surrounding polar solvent medium. 

Figure 15.12 Detergent molecules can be used to solubilize carbon nanotubes by adsorption onto the surface through hydrophobic interactions and create half-micelle structures with the hydrophilic head groups facing outward into the aqueous environment.

Maehashi et al. (2007) used pyrene adsorption to make carbon nanotubes labeled with DNA aptamers and incorporated them into a field effect transistor constructed to produce a label-free biosensor. The biosensor could measure the concentration of IgE in samples down to 250 pM, as the antibody molecules bound to the aptamers on the nanotubes. Felekis and Tagmatarchis (2005) used a positively charged pyrene compound to prepare water-soluble SWNTs and then electrostatically adsorb porphyrin rings to study electron transfer interactions. Pyrene derivatives also have been used successfully to add a chromophore to carbon nanotubes using covalent coupling to an oxidized SWNT (Alvaro et al., 2004). In this case, the pyrene ring structure was not used to adsorb directly to the nanotube surface, but a side-chain functional group was used to link it covalently to modified SWNTs. 

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