Carbon Nanotube cytotoxicity

Sayes, C.M. et al. (2006) Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro. Toxicology Letters, 161 (2), 135—142. 

Wick P, Manser P, Limbach LK, ttlaff-Weglikowska U, Krumeich F, Roth S, Stark WJ, Bruinink A (2007) The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 168 121-131. 

Keywords Carbon nanotubes Cytotoxicity Cytocompatibility Medical applications of CNT... 

Ivanov LV, Chernykh VP, Kartel NT et al (2008) Study of mechanisms of carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity. In Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface Modification. Proceedings of ISC, Kiev 34-36... 

C.M. Sayes, F. Liang, J.L. Hudson, J. Mendez, W.H. Guo, JM. Beach, V.C. Moore, C.D. Doyle, J.L. West, W.E. Billups, K.D. Ausman, and Vi. Colvin, Functionalization density dependence of single-waUed carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro, Toxicol. Lett.,... 

Murr, L.E., Garza, K.M., Soto, K.F., Carrasco, A., Powell, T.G., Ramirez, D.A., Guerrero, P.A., Lopez, D.A., and Venzorlll, J. (2005) Cytotoxicity assessment of some carbon nanotubes and related carbon nanoparticle aggregates and the implications for anthropogenic carbon nanotube aggregates in the environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2 (1), 31-42. 

Shvedova, A.A., Castranova, V., Kisin, E.R., Schwegler-Berry, D., Murray, A.R., Gandelsman, V.Z., Maynard, A., and Baron, P. (2003) Exposure to carbon nanotube material assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Current Issues, 66 (20), 1909-1926. 

Casey, A. et al. (2007) Spectroscopic analysis confirms the interactions between single walled carbon nanotubes and various dyes commonly used to assess cytotoxicity. Carbon, 45 (7), 1425-1432. 

Alpatova, A.L. et al. (2010) Single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in aqueous media via noncovalent functionalization effect of dispersant on the stability, cytotoxicity, and epigenetic toxicity of nanotube suspensions. Water Research, 44 (2), 505-520. 

Dong, L.F. etal. (2009) Cytotoxicity effects of different surfactant molecules conjugated to carbon nanotubes on human astrocytoma cells. Nanoscale Research Letters, 4 (12), 1517-1523. 

Ding, L. et al. (2005) Molecular characterization of the cytotoxic mechanism of multiwall carbon nanotubes and nano-onions on human skin fibroblast. Nano Letters, 5 (12), 2448-64. 

Dumortier, H. et al. (2006) Functionalized carbon nanotubes are non-cytotoxic and preserve the functionality of primary immune cells. Nano Letters, 6 (7), 1522-1528. 

Kisin, E.R. et al. (2007) Single-walled carbon nanotubes geno- and cytotoxic effects in lung fibroblast V79 cells./oumal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A Current, 70 (24), 2071-2079. 

Cui, H.F. et al. (2010) Interfacing carbon nanotubes with living mammalian cells and cytotoxicity issues. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 23 (7), 1131-1147. 

Flahaut, E. et al. (2006) Investigation of the cytotoxicity of CCVD carbon nanotubes towards human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Carbon, 44 (6), 1093-1099. 

Kisin ER, Murray AR, Keane MJ, Shi XC, Schwegler-Berry D, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Castranova V, Wallace WE, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA (2007) Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes Geno- and Cytotoxic Effects in Lung Fibroblast V79 Cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70 2071-2079. 

Shvedova AA, Castranova V, Kisin ER, Schwegler-Berry D, Murray AR, Gandelsman VZ, Maynard A, Baron P (2003) Exposure to carbon nanotube material Assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Flealth A 66 1909-1926. 

Sato Y, Yokoyam A, Ken-ichiro S, Akimoto Y, Shin-ichi Ogino, Nodasaka Y, Kohgo T, Tamura K, Akasaka T, Uo M, Motomiya K, Jeyadevan B, Ishiguro M, Hatakeyama R, Watari F, Tohji K (2005). Influence of length on cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes against human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-I in vitro and subcutaneous tissue of rats in vivo. Mol. BioSyst. 1 176-182. 

Tian F, Cui D, Schwarz H, Estrada GG, Kabayashi H (2006). Cytotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes on human fibroblasts. Toxicol. In Vitro 20 1202-1212. 

Kartel NT, Grischenko VI, Chernykh VP et al (2008) A study of cytotoxicity of carbon nanotubes by spin probe method. In Kartel MT (ed) Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface 14. Naukova dumka, Kiev, pp 557-564... 

The number of studies on the health effects of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes is rapidly increasing. However, the data on their toxicity are often mutually contradictory. For example, the researchers from universities of Rice and Georgia (USA) found that in aqueous fullerene solutions colloidal nano-C particles were formed, which even at low concentration (approximately 2 molecules of fullerene per 108 molecules of water) negatively influence the liver and skin cells [17-19]. The toxicity of this nano-C aqueous dispersion was comparable to that of dioxins. In another smdy, however, it was shown that fullerene had no adverse effects and, on the contrary, had anti-oxidant activity [20]. Solutions of prepared by a variety of methods up to 200 mg/mL were not cytotoxic to a number of cell types [21]. The contradiction between the data of different authors could be explained by different nano-C particles composition and dispersion used in research. 

However, the exceptional size-specific behavior of nanomaterials in combination with their relatively large surface-to-volume ratio might result in potential risk for human health and the environment [26-28]. For example, fullerene (C60) particles suspended in water are characterized by antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis [29] and by cytotoxicity to human cell lines [30]. Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CWCNTs and MWCNTs) are toxic to human cells as well [31, 32]. Nano-sized silicon oxide (Si02), anatase (Ti02), and zinc oxide (ZnO) can induce pulmonary inflammation in rodents and humans [33-35],... 

A. A. Shvedova, E. R. Kisin, A. R. Murray, D. Schwegler-Berry, V. Z. Gandelsman, P. Baron, A. Maynard, M. R. Gunther, and V. Castranova, Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to carbon nanotubes causes oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, Proc. Soc. Free Rad Research Meeting, European Section (June 26-29, 2003, Ioannina, Greece, 2004), pp. 91-103. 

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