Carbon nanostructures characterization

Scharff P, Siegmund C, Risch K, Lysko I, Lysko O, Zherebetskyy A, Ivanisik A, Gorchinskiy A, Buzaneva E (2005) Characterization of water-soluble fullerene C-60 oxygen and hydroxyl group derivatives for photosensitizers. Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 13 497-509. 

Nanocarbon structures such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, are characterized by their weak interphase interaction with host matrices (polymer, ceramic, metals) when fabricating composites [99,100]. In addition to their characteristic high surface area and high chemical inertness, this fact turns these carbon nanostructures into materials that are very difficult to disperse in a given matrix. However, uniform dispersion and improved nanotube/matrix interactions are necessary to increase the mechanical, physical and chemical properties as well as biocompatibility of the composites [101,102]. 

The unique combination of rich molecular information (physical and chemical), high spatial resolution, nondestructive nature, and simplicity makes pRS an extremely valuable tool for characterization of nanostructures. As illustrated by numerous examples in this chapter, pRS has been applied to a wide variety of nanostructures. For instance, pRS has emerged to be an indispensible tool in the characterization of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. There are only few recent reports in the literature where pRS has been applied to individual inorganic nanostructures such as ZnO, GaN nanowires to probe the crystalline orientation of the nanostructures in a nondestructive and in-device state. We believe that the application of pRS technique is still in its infancy especially in the context of characterizing individual nanostructures. 

According to Kavan (1997), electrochemical carbons are synthetic solids consisting mainly of atoms of elemental carbon, which can be prepared electrochemically from suitable precursors. Electrochemical carbonization is characterized by three specific features (Kavan et al., 2004) (1) ability to obtain relatively unstable carbon chains (2) easy templating of carbon nanostructured materials by the precursors and (3) defined kinetics of certain reactions, allowing for the control of film thickness. 

Carbon nanostructures display a wide variety of extraordinary properties that greatly depend on their structure. Combined with their small size, these properties can result in devices and emerging applications that have not been possible previously. Advances in controlled synthesis, separation, and characterization of these nanostructures are making possible the reproducible manufacture of carbon nanomaterials with tuned structure for specific applications. Carbon nanostructures may impact diverse fields that range from electronics to materials and biomedical applications. 

However, there is uncertainty about this method because of networking effects of some adsorbents including activated carbons and carbon nanostructures. Other experimental techniques that usually implement for characterizing the pore stmcture of porous materials are mercury porosim-etry. X-ray diffiaction (XRD) or small angle X-iay scattering (SAXS), and immersion calorimetry. 

Atomic defects on carbon nanostructures produced during the fabrication process are typically not reported. Atomic defects are not visible by characterization techniques typically employed such as AFM, SEM, light microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The atomic structure can be visible by STM [32-35] and TEM [36, 37] but they are tedious and heavily time consuming, and they are typically not employed in the characterization of carbon-based electron nanodevices reported in journal publications. Molecular simulation tools offer an alternative to visualizing and predicting the nanostructure at atomic detail. 

In the present text we attempt to do justice to the different topics of polymers and their uses. This text is generally suitable for researchers rather than students. The first chapter of this book discussed sorption mechanism of organic compound in the nanopore of syndiotactic polystyrene crystal. In the second chapter, a discussion was done to illustrate a physico-chemical characterization and processing of pulse seeds. The chemo-enzymatic polymerization for peptide polymers were illustrated in the third chapter. In the fourth chapter, an electrokinetic potential method was used to characterize the surface properties of polymer foils and their modifications. Also, an emulsion polymerizations was discussed in the fifth chapter. Nonconventional methods of polymer surface patterning, polymer characterization using atomic force microscope, biopolymers in the environment, and carbon nanostructure and their properties and applications were discussed in the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth chapters respectively. Finally, let us point that although many books in the field of pol)nner science appear, none of them are complementary. 

Hybrid composites using natural polymer blends and carbon nanostructures preparation, characterization, and applications... 

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the recent research and development in the preparation, characterization, and application of novel porous carbons using both the endotemplate and the exotemplate methods. A discussion of zeolite templates for microporous carbons is followed by that of ordered mesoporous silica templates for OMCs, nanoparticle templates for mesoporous carbons, sol-gel processed porous carbons, self-assembled colloidal crystal templates for ordered macroporous carbons, and colloidal sphere templates for hollow carbon spheres, as well as other templating approaches to preparing carbon nanostructures. Then,... 

Peica, N. et al (2009) Characterization of dye molecules and carbon nanostructures by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Phys. Status Solidi B, 246, 2708-2712. doi 10.1002/pssb.200982278... 

Strauss, S. H. (2004a). Trifluoromethylated [60]fullerenes Synthesis and characterization. Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 12(1-2), 181-185. 

Many research opportunities exist for the controlled manipulation of structures of nm dimensions. Advances made in the characterization and manipulation of carbon nanotubes should therefore have a substantial general impact on the science and technology of nanostructures. The exceptionally high modulus and strength of thin multi-wall carbon nanotubes can be used in the manipulation of carbon nanotubes and other nanostructures [212, 213]. 

In this chapter, two carbon-supported PtSn catalysts with core-shell nanostructure were designed and prepared to explore the effect of the nanostructure of PtSn nanoparticles on the performance of ethanol electro-oxidation. The physical (XRD, TEM, EDX, XPS) characterization was carried out to clarify the microstructure, the composition, and the chemical environment of nanoparticles. The electrochemical characterization, including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, of the two PtSn/C catalysts was conducted to characterize the electrochemical activities to ethanol oxidation. Finally, the performances of DEFCs with PtSn/C anode catalysts were tested. The microstmc-ture and composition of PtSn catalysts were correlated with their performance for ethanol electrooxidation. 

Development of carbon-based materials (nanostructures) materials preparation and optimization through chemical and physical characterization and molecular modelling. Partners ENEA, ELETTRONAVA, Universities. Budget 1.24 million. 

Type IV isotherms are characterized by the presence of a hysteresis loop (i.e., adsorption and desorption branches are not coincident) due to the capillary condensation on the mesopores. They are characteristic of adsorbents that have a wide proportion of mesopores (i.e., compacted carbon blacks under pressure, nanostructured carbons prepared using mesoporous silica as templates, etc.). 

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