Carbon nanofiber-reinforced

Kobayashi S, Kawai W. Development of carbon nanofiber reinforced hydroxyapatite with enhanced mechanical properties. Compos Part A 2007 38 114—23. 

Hasan, M., Zhou, Y, Jeelani, S. (2006). Thermal and Tensile Properties of Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced Polypropylene. 11 -l 136. 

Lozano, K. Yang, S. Zeng, Q. Rheological analysis of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber- reinforced polyethylene composites. J. Appl Polym. Sci. 2004, 93, 155-162. 

Y. Shimamura, A. Yamamoku, K. Tohgo, S. Tasaka, H. Araki, Mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced polylactic acid. Key Eng. Mater. 2007, 345-346, 1225-1228. 

Jang, J.S., Varischetti, J., Lee, G.W., Suhr, J., 2011. Experimental and analytical investigation of mechanical damping and CTE of both Si02 particle and carbon nanofiber reinforced hybrid epoxy composites. Composites Part A 42, 98—103. 

Shuying Yang, Jaime Taha-Tijerina, Veronica Serrato-Diaz, KrystalFIernandez, and Karen Lozano. Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of aligned vapor grown carbon nanofiber reinforced polyethylene. Composites Part B 38, 228-235 (2007). 

Chen M Y, Baib Z, Tan S C and Unroe M R, Friction and wear scar analysis of carbon nanofiber-reinforced pol)mieric composite coatings on alumina/aluminum composite , Wear 2002 252 624-34. 

Barcena, J., Coleto, J., Zhang, S. C., Hilmas, G. E., Fahrenholtz, W. G. (2010). Processing of carbon nanofiber reinforced ZrB matrix composites for aerospace applications. Advanced Engineering Materials, 12(1), 623-626. doi 10.1002/ adem.200900307. 

EFFECT OF STRAIN RATE ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOFIBER-REINFORCED SC-15 EPOXY... 

In this study, tensile tests were performed on carbon nanofiber reinforced epoxy at different strain rates. Tests results show that both the elastic modulus and the tensile strength of the materials increased with higher strain rates, but the failure strain decreased with higher strain rates, indicating that the composite is a strain rate-dependent material. Experiment results also showed an even distribution of CNFs in the 1 wt% and 2 wt% systems and an agglomeration of CNFs in the 3 wt% system. Therefore, the 2 wt% CNF-infusion system exhibited maximum enhancement, compared to other systems. 

Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at different strain rates on neat 1 wt%, 2 wt% and 3 wt% vapor-grown carbon nanofiber-reinforced epoxy. Based on the experiment results, the following conclusions were made ... 

Lee H, Mall S, He P, Shi DL, Narasimhadevara S, Yeo-Heung Y, Shanov V, Schulz MJ (2007) Characterization of carbon nanotube/nanofiber-reinforced polymer composites using an instrumented indentation technique. Composites Part B 38 58-65... 

Shen J, Han XM, Lee LJ (2006) Nanoscaled reinforcement of polystyrene foams using carbon nanofibers. J Cell Plast 42 105-126... 

Carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers have been sfudied lately as reinforcement materials for several different polymers because their high modulus and stiffness bear the promise of levels of reinforcement not found with micron-size particles or fibers. This performance can be achieved wifh concentrations... 

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs), due to their unique structure and properties, appear to offer quite promising potential for industrial application [236]. As prices decrease, they become increasingly affordable for use in polymer nanocomposites as structural materials in many large scale applications. In fact, three applications of multiwall CNT have been discussed recently first, antistatic or conductive materials [237] second, mechanically reinforced materials [238,239] and third, flame retarded materials [240,241]. The success of CNTs in the field of antistatic or conductive materials is based on the extraordinary electrical properties of CNTs and their special geometry, which enables percolation at very low concentrations of nanotubes in the polymer matrix [242]. 

Artificial nanostructured fillers are carbon nanofibers or nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black, which can act as reinforcements and which lead to an improved electrical conductivity of the compound. Nanostructured silica can be used as an antistick additive and nanosized silver particles exhibit an antibacterial effect when added to polymeric compounds. 

During the past decades, nanotechnology has attracted great attention due to its marvellous potential applications in numerous areas [90]. Polymer nanocomposite is a unique addition in the nanotechnology family. In polymer nanocomposite, one phase is dispersed in another phase in nanometer level [19]. Different types of reinforcing fillers such as sodium montmo-rillonite, sodium bentonite, layered double hydroxide, exfohated graphite, fullerene, carbon nanofiber, and carbon nanotube have been successfully used in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites [19]. Recently,... 

M. A. B. Meador, S. L. Vivod, L. Mccorkle, D. Quade, R. M. Sullivan, L. N. Ghson, N. Clark, and L. A. Capaclona, Reinforcing Polymer Cross-Linked Aerogels with Carbon Nanofibers, J. Mater. Chem., 18, 1843-1852 (2008). 

Carbon-based nanocomposites refer to a class of composites modified or reinforced by carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon nanofiber (CNF), and particulate nanodimond (PND). Here, the strategy of utilizing carbon nanostructures, primarily CNT and CNF, to improve osteogenic property and bioactivity of the nanocomposites is primarily discussed. The strategy of promoting mechanical properties of orthopedic implants by creating carbon-based nanocomposites will be discussed in Chapter 5. 

Ward and his coworkers investigated the interlayer adhesion in self-reinforced PP composites modified with different nano- and micron-sized particles [27-29]. They found that the introduction of a small amount of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) led to improved performance of polypropylene single-polymer composites obtained by hot compaction of oriented CNF/ PP tapes. The peel strength of a CNF/PP woven fabric composite was significantly increased. In addition, the authors pointed out that the drawn CNF/PP tapes showed substantial voiding around the fibers which were closed and sealed by the hot compaction process. As a result, the composite density increased to its initial value [27]. 

In a previous work, the same authors also observed that the composite peel strength was significantly increased by introducing interleaved films of the same polymer between the layers of woven oriented tapes [30]. They continued working on PP self-reinforced composites enhanced with the addition of CNT, trying to improve properties by the use of interleaved films [28]. Samples of single-polymer polypropylene composites were produced with and without interleaved films, and with and without carbon nanofibers, located either in the oriented polypropylene tapes, in the interleaved film or in both. Maximum peel strength was observed... 

Early studies on electrospun based carbon nanofibers also included reinforcement of polymers. CNFs have an exceptional combination of mechanical and physical properties that make them ideal reinforcing materials for polymer composites. In order to properly incorporate CNFs into polymer composites, three major manufacturing challenges must be overcome ... 

So because of the exceptional properties exhibited by carbon nanofibers such as their high tensile strength, modulus, and relatively low cost, such a material have a tremendous potential for reinforcement applications in its own right. 

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