Plasma carbon dioxide

Excimer UV YAG Carbon dioxide Plasma etch Chemical etch... 

Another interesting example of surface modification is represented by the modification of hydrophobic polypropylene surfaces by carbon dioxide plasma [23] and carbon tetrachloride plasma [24] treatment to convert them into hydrophilic surfaces. This technique has potential applications in coatings and adhesion to other materials such as polymers, metals, and ceramics [24]. Radiation-induced reactions for LDPE/PP blends have also been recently reported [25]. 

Studies have been made of UV irradiation of polyethylene films whilst exposed to oxygen or carbon dioxide plasma [1958]. Oxygen plasma results in more highly oxidized functionalities, whereas treatments based upon carbon dioxide plasma produce a larger amount of —COO— groups at the surface. 

Carbon dioxide plasma Poly(ethylene) (PE) Carboxyl groups... 

Wang, M.-J., Chang, Y.-l., Pondn-EpaiUard, E. Acid and basic functionalities of nitrogen and carbon dioxide plasma-treated polystyrene. Surf. Interface Anal. 37, 348-355 (2005). doi 10.1002/sia.2029... 

Each component of blood has a function ia the body. Red cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and cells ia the tissues. White cells function as defense of the body. Platelets are important for hemostasis, ie, the maintenance of vascular iategrity. Plasma, an aqueous solution containing various proteias and fatty acids, transports cells, food, and hormones throughout the body. Some proteias ia plasma play a role ia clotting, others are messengers between cells. 

In the chloride shift, Ck plays an important role in the transport of carbon dioxide (qv). In the plasma, CO2 is present as HCO, produced in the erythrocytes from CO2. The diffusion of HCO requires the counterdiffusion of another anion to maintain electrical neutraUty. This function is performed by Ck which readily diffuses into and out of the erythrocytes (see Fig. 5). The carbonic anhydrase-mediated Ck—HCO exchange is also important for cellular de novo fatty acid synthesis and myelination in the brain (62). 

For intermediate temperatures from 400-1000°C (Fig. 11), the volatilization of carbon atoms by energetic plasma ions becomes important. As seen in the upper curve of Fig. 11, helium does not have a chemical erosion component of its sputter yield. In currently operating machines the two major contributors to chemical erosion are the ions of hydrogen and oxygen. The typical chemical species which evolve from the surface, as measured by residual gas analysis [37] and optical emission [38], are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. 

Gaseous carbon dioxide from the lungs and tissues is dissolved in the blood plasma, symbolized as C09(d), and hydrated to form H2CO3 ... 

A surgical implant is constantly bathed in extracellular tissue fluid. Basically water, this fluid contains electrolytes, complex compounds, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Electrolytes present in the largest amounts are sodium (Na ) and chloride (Cl ) ions. Most of the fluids existing in the body (such as blood, plasma and lymph) have a chloride content (and pH) somewhat similar to that of sea water (about 5 to 20g/l and pH about 8) . 

Another common deposition reaction uses carbon dioxide as the oxygen source in a plasma at temperatures ranging from 200 to 600°C and pressure usually less than 1 Torr.O l... 

An efficient biocatalytic method for the production of amides in multigrara scale has been developed for the synthesis of a pyrrole-amide, which is an intermediate for the synthesis of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV that regulates plasma levels of the insulinotropic proglucagon. CALB catalyzes the ammonolysis of the ester with ammonium carbamate as source of ammonia (Scheme 7.8) [22]. The use of ascarite and calcium chloride as adsorbents for carbon dioxide and ethanol by-products. 

Wong, W.W., Cochran, W.J., Klish, W.J., Smith, E.O.B., Lee, L.S. and Klein, P.D. 1988 In vivo isotope-fractionation factors and the measurement of deuterium- and oxygen-18-dilution spaces from plasma, urine, saliva, respiratory water vapor, and carbon dioxide. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47 1-6. 

In the authors experience, the amount of carbon dioxide in 10 microliters of blood can readily be determined by adding the blood to an acid, through which bubbles an inert gas. The CO2 is then brought into the field of a long cuvette, of approximately 20" in length, and the carbon dioxide measured at the near infrared with a filter instrument. Instrumentation can be designed readily for measurement of the carbon dioxide content of as little as 1 l of plasma with this principle at the rate of approximately 40-60 per hour. 

The lipid bilayer arrangement of the plasma membrane renders it selectively permeable. Uncharged or nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and fatty acids, are lipid soluble and may permeate through the membrane quite readily. Charged or polar molecules, such as glucose, proteins, and ions, are water soluble and impermeable, unable to cross the membrane unassisted. These substances require protein channels or carrier molecules to enter or leave the cell. 

As with oxygen, the amount of carbon dioxide physically dissolved in the plasma is proportional to its partial pressure. However, carbon dioxide is 20 times more soluble in plasma than is oxygen. Therefore, approximately 10% of carbon dioxide in blood is transported in the dissolved form. 

The carbon dioxide produced during cellular metabolism diffuses out of the cells and into the plasma. It then continues to diffuse down its concentration gradient into the red blood cells. Within these cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) facilitates combination of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid (H2C03). The carbonic acid then dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate ion (HC03). 

The blood is made up of a liquid portion called the plasma and a solid portion which in turn comprises both red cells and white cells. The red cells, which are formed in the bone marrow and then passed into the blood stream, contain a chemical called hemoglobin that has the capacity to carry oxygen to the body tissues and carbon dioxide away from the body tissues. The white cells are involved in maintaining immunity to infection and in fighting disease. It is the interference by a virus with the immume process of the white cells that give rise to what we know as AIDS (auto immune deficiency syndrome). This condition, however, does not occur from exposure to chemicals. 

Remove about 0.5 mL of the top most layer in the tube (the buffy coat of the plasma), and add it to a tissue-culture flask containing 5 mL of Ham s F-10 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 400 pL of phytohemagglutinin. Incubate for 72 h at 37°C in a carbon dioxide incubator (see Note 4). 

Transport. A wellknown transport protein is hemoglobin in the erythrocytes (bottom left). It is responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues (see p.282). The blood plasma also contains many other proteins with transport functions. Prealbumin (transthyretin middle), for example, transports the thyroid hormones thyroxin and triiodothyronine. Ion channels and other integral membrane proteins (see p.220) facilitate the transport of ions and metabolites across biological membranes. 

The most important task of the red blood cells (erythrocytes) is to transport molecular oxygen (O2) from the lungs into the tissues, and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the tissues back into the lungs. To achieve this, the higher organisms require a special transport system, since O2 is poorly soluble in water. For example, only around 3.2 mb O2 is soluble in 1 L blood plasma. By contrast, the protein hemoglobin (Hb), contained in the erythrocytes, can bind a maximum of 220 mb O2 per liter—70 times the physically soluble amount. 

Oxalate does not interfere with glucose assays, but insulin values determined in oxalate-plasma are lower than those obtained with lithium heparin-plasma or serum (L6). Specimens collected in EDTA demonstrate lower carbon dioxide combining power than those observed with serum or heparin or potassium oxalate plasma (Zl). 

Brydon and Roberts- added hemolyzed blood to unhemolyzed plasma, analyzed the specimens for a variety of constituents and then compared the values with those in the unhemolyzed plasma (B28). The following procedures were considered unaffected by hemolysis (up to 1 g/100 ml hemoglobin) urea (diacetyl monoxime) carbon dioxide content (phe-nolphthalein complex) iron binding capacity cholesterol (ferric chloride) creatinine (alkaline picrate) uric acid (phosphotungstate reduction) alkaline phosphatase (4-nitrophenyl phosphate) 5 -nucleotidase (adenosine monophosphate-nickel) and tartrate-labile acid phosphatase (phenyl phosphate). In Table 2 are shown those assays where increases were observed. The hemolysis used in these studies was equivalent to that produced by the breakdown of about 15 X 10 erythrocytes. In the bromocresol green albumin method it has been reported that for every 100 mg of hemoglobin/100 ml serum, the apparent albumin concentration is increased by 100 mg/100 ml (D12). Hemolysis releases some amino acids, such as histidine, into the plasma (Alb). 

The question often arises whether a sample must be analyzed immediately or can be stored, and if so, under what conditions and for how long (B4a, H5a, W9a). Freshly drawn blood maintained anaerobically (A3) at 38 C decreases in pH at the rate of —0.062 unit per hour and in pCOj, at 4.8 1.3 mg Hg per hour. At 0-4°C, the change is minimal — 0.006 0.004 pH unit and 0.6 0.06 mm Hg. There has been controversy concerning the use of minerol oil to maintain specimens for carbon dioxide analysis (G2). Paulsen found that values of total carbon dioxide in plasma collected in stoppered tubes with and without paraflSn oil were identical if the tubes without oil were completely filled to the stopper (P4). The loss of carbon dioxide in tubes stored at room temperature without oil was about 6 mEq/1 in 2.5-4 hours. The problem for the laboratory is unfilled tubes and the storage of separated serum or plasma before analysis and in plastic cups during continuous-flow procedures. 

Gambino and Schreiber (G3) found that plasma in an open Auto-Analyzer cup lost 1.6 mEq/1 of carbon dioxide in 15 minutes 4 mEq/1 in 30 minutes and 5.5 mEq/1 in 60 minutes. Thereafter, the loss plateaued and remained at 7 mEq/1. This loss was prevented by alkalization of plasma by the addition of 1 drop (0.035 ml) of 1 i T ammonium hydroxide... 

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