Carbon capture and sequestration

Nelson, T.O., P.D. Box, D.A. Green, and R.P. Gupta, Carbon Dioxide Recovery from Power Plant Flue Gas using Supported Carbonate Sorbents in a Thermal Swing Process, Sixth Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Pittsburgh, PA, May 2007. 

Shevalier, M., Nightingale, M., Johnson, G., Mayer, B., Hutcheon, I., Perkins, E. 2008. Geochemical monitoring of the Penn West CO2-EOR Pilot, Drayton Valley, Alberta. 7th Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Today s rapidly increasing activities on hydrogen focus mostly on vehicle applications and less on stationary applications. For fuel cells, stationary applications are also relevant, but natural gas will be the dominant fuel here. The dominance of the transport sector is also reflected in the hydrogen roadmaps developed, among others, in the EU, the USA, Japan, or at an international level. Whereas in the beginning, onsite or decentralised production options based on fossil fuels or electricity are seen as the major option for hydrogen production, later on central production options will dominate the market. Here, several options could play a role, from coal, with carbon capture and sequestration, through natural gas and renewables (wind, biomass) to nuclear. A C02-free or lean vision can be identified in every roadmap. The cost... 

Central production Natural gas Coal Steam methane reforming Coal gasification with carbon capture and sequestration Liquid-H2 truck Compressed-gas truck H2-gas pipeline... 

All coal and central natural-gas hydrogen plants are assumed to have carbon-capture and sequestration (CCS). Biomass hydrogen plants are assumed to be smaller (30-200 tonnes/day), compared with 50-400 tonnes/day for natural gas central SMRs, and 250-1200 tonnes/day for coal plants. We use a regional biomass supply curve (which specifies the amount of biomass available at a certain /tonne) (Walsh et al., 1999), to reflect biomass feedstock cost increases as demand grows. 

Figure 15.14. Optimal infrastructure configuration at different market penetration levels for a coal-based hydrogen supply system with carbon capture and sequestration in Ohio, USA (Johnson et al., 2006).

Storage of carbon dioxide by carbon capture and sequestration solutions for fossil fuels this is often not seen as a long-term solution and exploratory studies indicate that carbon sequestration may not be acceptable to the public (Whitmarsh et al., 2006) ... 

When the supply to the electricity and transportation sectors is jointly taken into consideration, one is led to conclude that the energy supply diversity is best served by allowing green electricity to maximally penetrate the electricity sector and simultaneously swing the deployment of NG and coal to instead serve the transportation sector. (Note that there may well be synergies between hydrogen fuel production and clean power production. These will be briefly touched upon in Section 15.6 for coal below.) The extent to which one thereby accommodates the objective of C02 emissions reduction depends on the mode of hydrogen production and distribution, and the extent to which it enables carbon capture and sequestration. To a discussion thereof we now turn. 

FlyPOCEN will explore the limits of using hydrogen as a means of de-carbonising fossil fuels and therefore its potential to bridge to a future hydrogen economy. The aim of the project will be to develop and operate a pilot demonstration plant and prove the feasibility, safety and economics, of carbon capture and sequestration. 

Yamasaki, A., Iizuka, A., Kakizawa, M., Katsuyama, Y., Nakagawa, M., Fujii, M., et al. (2006) Fifth Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Alexandria, Virginia, USA. 

Carbon Capture and Sequestration Systems Analysis Guidelines, U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. 

Carbon capture and sequestration is a technology that is being explored to curb the anthropogenic emission of C02 into the atmosphere. With the environmental issues and energy crisis problem associated with greenhouse gas effect being more and more prominent, CO2 capture-fixation-conversion has been a worldwide hot topic for sustainable development [1-12]. 

What assumptions should be made regarding the success of pivotal technologies such as carbon capture and sequestration ... 

Kim, S.H. Edmonds, J.A. Potential for Advanced Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies in a Climate Constrained World, PNNL-13095 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2000. 

Herzog, H.J. What future for carbon capture and sequestration Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 148-153. 

Transport fuels gasoline (for cars), diesel (for trucks and cars) and kerosene (for aircrafts) are entirely dependent on oil, with no possibility for carbon capture (and sequestration). 

Innovative strategies able to capture and sequestrate carbon dioxide emissions, so-called Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technologies, are the object of several analysis and heated debate. CCS technologies should be applied for an environmental-friendly diffusion of fossil fuel-based H, production methods, but they are presently in the embryonic stage of development and certainly would involve a great growth of costs. 

National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). Carbon Capture and Sequestration System Analysis Guidelines. April 2005. http //www.netl.doe.gov/ technolo-gies/carbon seq/Resources/Analysis/pubs/C02CaptureGuidelines.pdf. Accessed May 2007. 

A key rationale for moving to a hydrogen economy is to minimize carbon emissions. Producing hydrogen from coal actually could result in increased carbon dioxide emissions, unless carbon capture and sequestration is an integral part of these plants. 

---