Carbohydrates dialysis

Recent applications of HPAEC-PAD are many and varied. A representative list includes quantitation of polyglucose metabolites in plasma of dialysis patients,148 analysis of heat-treated milk,149 carbohydrate content in lipopolysaccharides,150 phosphorylated sugars in tissue samples,151 composition of soybean meal,152 carbohydrate composition of recombinant modified tissue plasminogen activator,153 analysis of cyclization products from an enzyme reaction,154 carbohydrate content of glycoconjugate vaccines,155 and monitoring of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.156... 

Hepatic steatosis usually is a result of excessive administration of carbohydrates and/or lipids, but deficiencies of carnitine, choline, and essential fatty acids also may contribute. Hepatic steatosis can be minimized or reversed by avoiding overfeeding, especially from dextrose and lipids.35,38 Carnitine is an important amine that transports long-chain triglycerides into the mitochondria for oxidation, but carnitine deficiency in adults is extremely rare and is mostly a problem in premature infants and patients receiving chronic dialysis. Choline is an essential amine required for synthesis of cell membrane components such as phospholipids. Although a true choline deficiency is rare, preliminary studies of choline supplementation to adult patients PN caused reversal of steatosis. 

Equilibrium dialysis s Semipermeable membrane partitions protein but not carbohydrate ligand... 

CDTA cannot be removed from the CDTA-soluble fraction by standard dialysis against water (Mort et al., 1991). Therefore, it is essential to follow the special dialysis procedure for this fraction. Mort et al. (1991) found that removal of CDTA could be greatly improved by initial dialysis against ammonium acetate buffer followed by dialysis against water. If CDTA has not been removed, the weight of the fraction will be clearly in excess of its carbohydrate content. 

H NMR spectra have been used to analyze 11 DOM samples that were isolated from seawater using tangential-flow ultrafiltration and one sample that was isolated using dialysis (Aluwihare et al., 1997). A linear combination of three endmembers (carbohydrates, lipids, and acetate) was sufficient to account in some detail for the... 

Lectin-Carbohydrate Association as Studied by Equilibrium Dialysis... 

Kiihn ei al. (1959) attempted to remove the carbohydrate from acid-soluble collagen by two nondestructive methods (1) by repeatedly dissolving and reprecipitating the fibers by dialysis, and (2) by repeated extraction of the soluble collagen solution with chloroform whereby the protein separates out at the water/chloroform interface while free carbohydrate remains in the aqueous layer. They confirmed that all the glucosamine and half the hexose could be removed by either method, but the remaining 0.5 % of hexose could not be reduced further by repeated use of either procedure. 

Coyne MJ, Rodriguez H. Carbohydrate malabsorption in black and Hispanic dialysis patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1986 81(8) 662-5. 

Ketoconazole is water-soluble at a pH of below 3. Its oral absorption is influenced by the acidity of the stomach contents, and the concomitant administration of histamine H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids, or food affects its absorption. A high carbohydrate meal ingested with ketoconazole reduces total drug absorption, while a high lipid meal increases it. Erratic absorption is particularly apparent in patients with AIDS. Peak serum concentrations are seen within 2-3 hours. The half-life is about 8 hours. CSF penetration is less than 10% (1). Ketoconazole is extensively metabolized in the liver and excreted in the bile in an inactive form less than 1% of the active drug is excreted in the urine. Clearance is not significantly altered by renal dialysis (1). 

The vesicle bilayer acts as a barrier of medium strength for water-soluble, non-ionic organic compounds. Sucrose solutions, for example, were applied as contrast agents in the light microscopy of stearic acid vesicles ". It took hours for the carbohydrate to penetrate this barrier. Efflux rates of radioactive sucrose were measured in cationic vesicles in the presence of different counterions. For this purpose, external sucrose was removed by ultrafiltration through Nucleopore polycarbonate with 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1 xm pores. The efflux rates were then determined by dialysis methods. In the case of dihexadecyldimethyl-... 

Oxidative degradation was conducted for fulvic acid obtained after dialysis (Ishiwatari and Machihara, 1983). As shown in Figure 3, oxalic acid, n-C4 and -Cg a,w-dicarboxylic acids, and benzoic acid were major degradation products for fulvic acid. Oxalic acid accounted for 44% of a,w-dicarboxyIic acid in the degradation products and was considered to have been derived predominantly from carbohydrates and amino compounds present in the fulvic acid. 

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