Capital and Maintenance Costs

Clearly, these figures of merit (others could be included) are sufficiently numerous and their interrelationships sufficiently complex that the proposed purchase of a new instrument requires careful consideration of the purposes for which it is required. The same complex web of inter-relationships also applies to the converse case, in which one is considering whether an existing instrument can provide the data required for a new apphcation. In later sections of this chapter the more important analyzers currently in use for quantitative analyses are discussed with these criteria in mind. 

This criterion refers not only to the ease (or otherwise) of operating an analyzer so as to meet its performance 

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In a comparison between two competitive plants, one may have higher efficiency (and hence lower fuel cost) but may incur higher capital and maintenance costs. The,se effects have to be balanced against each other in the assessment of the relative economic merits of two plants. 

Electric boilers are generally inherently simpler to own and operate because there is no combustion system required (fuel tanks, pumps, burners, regulators, flame safeguards, etc.). Also space requirements are smaller and capital and maintenance costs often are lower. In addition, electric boilers typically do not require full-time operators. 

Where low to moderate flow rates are encountered, it is likely that EDI is less expensive when both capital and maintenance costs are considered. For high flow rate systems, there is little to choose between the three technologies, although the EDI does have the advantage of not producing acid or caustic waste streams. 

Regardless of the machine device, centrifuges are typically maintenance-intensive. Filters can be cheaper in terms of capital and maintenance costs and should be considered first unless centrifugal equipment already exists. Small facilities (< 1000 L) use filtration, since centrifugation scale-down is constrained by equipment availability. Comparative economics of the two classes of operations are discussed by Datar and Rosen (loc. cit.). 

The solvent should preferably be noncorrosive to materials used in plant equipment to minimize capital and maintenance costs, and should be non-toxic. 

One useful tool of risk assessment is to compare the risk before and after prevention or mitigation to determine the difference in risk. A cost benefit analysis can be completed that determines the cost of the mitigation versus the amount of risk reduction. All costs need to be calculated to determine a cost per year. These costs would include fire damage, injury or fatality, insurance cost increases, loss of profits, etc. The cost of the mitigation, including capital and maintenance costs, needs to be determined. 

Comparison of Crushers The jaw crusher can accommodate the same size rocks as a gyratory, with lower capacity and also lower capital and maintenance costs, but similar installation costs. Therefore... 

Obviously not all of these questions can be answered in one thesis. This is a thesis about treatment, a somewhat fundamental study about what we can achieve with treatment now and what inhibits treatment efficiency. The focus is on treatment by alternative membrane processes. What is different is the attempt to compare and evaluate options on the basis of productivity (capital and maintenance cost), energjf consumption and chemical requirements. The results apply to the water that needs to be treated to achieve specified standards that part of drinking water which cannot be replaced with gre) water. The results cannot replace a rethinking and optimisation of water usage and demand management. 

The total capital and maintenance costs of government assets are listed in Table 2.6. 

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