Capital maintenance

Ca.ta.lysts, A catalyst has been defined as a substance that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction approaches equiHbrium without becoming permanently involved in the reaction (16). Thus a catalyst accelerates the kinetics of the reaction by lowering the reaction s activation energy (5), ie, by introducing a less difficult path for the reactants to foUow. Eor VOC oxidation, a catalyst decreases the temperature, or time required for oxidation, and hence also decreases the capital, maintenance, and operating costs of the system (see Catalysis). 

Figure 10-7C. The patented COMPABLOG welded plate heat exchanger is technologically advanced, compact, and efficient. The fully welded design (but totally accessible on both sides) combines the best in performance, safety maintenance, and capital/maintenance costs. (Used by permission Vicarb Inc., Canada, publication VNT-3110 1997.)...

Depreciation at 10% of capital Maintenance at 5% of capital Insurance at 1.5% of capital... 

A cost estimate indicates that at 1961 equipment and labor prices, the softening would cost 9.4 cents per 1000 gallons of distillate at a rate of 10,000,000 gallons per day. All of this cost is capital, maintenance, and labor. A minimum resin make-up is the only chemical requirement for the ion exchange softening. The cost of softening does not include the acid feed necessary to control deposition of Mg(OH)2. 

Based on the described process design, an economic feasibility study has been performed [48]. The total processing costs are calculated from the costs of the process equipment, the chemicals, and the utilities required. In addition, the start-up costs (5% of total fixed capital), maintenance (5% of inside battery limits, a standard term denoting the part of the plant considered), plant overheads (80% of labor costs and 20% maintenance), and capital charges (10 year depreciation) are included in the calculations. As the infrastructure is aheady present at the current polymerization plant, no additional costs are assumed to be incurred outside battery limits. The operators on duty are assumed to handle the extraction process therefore no additional labor costs are made. The purchased costs of the process equipment shown in Table 14.9 were determined using the cost estimation program Chemical Process Equipment Individual Equipment Costing [55]. 

With respect to employee injuries, we are now dealing with a better-trained and educated workforce. It takes money to train workers... Line abandonment also helped— the less railroad you have to maintain, the more you can focus on maintenance and improvement of the rail that remains. Deregulation allowed railroads to put more money into capital maintenance and to become more efficient. 

Companies in all three case study industries undertook major reprioritizations of their corporate investments and expenditures on capital, maintenance, and labor. For example, one study of aviation maintenance found that airlines increased the amount of time between engine overhauls after deregulation, but did not experience a higher rate of engine failures as a result. This is presumably because the airlines successfully focused their maintenance efforts on the most significant problems. 

The concept of capital maintenance is subtle but it has important practical consequences. The capital subscribed by members of the company is to be seen as a (rather ineffective) guarantee that the company will be able to meet its obligations. Certainly, a lender is likely to take the size of the issued share capital of the compare irrto account when deciding whether or not to make a loan. For this reason, a compare is not allowed to issue shares at a discormt, i.e. for less than their nominal value, because this would lead to the actual capital received by the company being less than the issued share... 

Educational authorities changed with the construction and maintenance of schools are also the ones tasked with many other functions They develop curricula, hire teachers, and choose educational resources such as textbooks and computers. School safety issues have to find a place in the capital, maintenance, and operation budgets of school buildings and school operation. 

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