Capillary column in gas chromatography

J. V. Hinshaw, Jr and L. S. Ettre, Selectivity tuning of serially connected open-tubular (capillary) columns in gas chromatography. Part 1 fundamental relationships , Chromatographia 21 561-572 (1986). 

While PLB were introduced first (14,15) more recently small PB 5-15 M diameter) have become of major interest. This is a result of the higher separation speeds found with such particles. Not only is the "stagnant" mobile phase mass transfer problem reduced, as in PLB, but solute mixing in the flowing stream is enhanced as a result of the smaller distance between the particles. The performances achieved with the small particle columns are equivalent to those obtained with capillary columns in gas chromatography (13), Examples illustrating the separation speed of such columns will be presented in the applications section of this paper. 

The use of electroosmotic flow of the mobile phase in HPLC was first suggested in 1974 [6] to replace pressure-driven flow. However, it became a practical proposition only after the introduction of fused silica capillary columns in gas chromatography. The growing need in life sciences and biotechnology... 

As with any form of chromatography, the separating efficiency of capillary columns in gas chromatography is strongly dependent on the column stationary phase, carrier gas flow rate, and temperature. Because of the high separation efficiency of capillary columns, only a limited number of stationary phases can be substituted for the numerous phases used in most packed column applications. The choice of a stationary phase is commonly dictated by experience. A phase that has been successfully used by others is usually a good choice. Fre-... 

C22. Cramers, C. A., Rijks, J. A., and Bocek, P., Packed versus capillary columns in gas chromatography. Clin. Chim. Acta 34, 159-168 (1971). 

Jennings W. Glass Capillary Columns in Gas Chromatography. Academic Press, New York, 1980. 

Tesarik K., Komarek K. Capillary Columns in Gas Chromatography. Nakl. Tech. Liter., Praha, 1984 (in Czech). 

Methods have been described for determining chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil and chemical waste disposal site samples. The latter method involves a simple hexane extraction and temperature programmed gas chromatographic analysis using electron capture detection and high resolution glass capillary columns. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of the chlorocarbons in the samples [4],... 

Alexander, G., and Rutten, G.A.F.M., Surface characteristics of treated glasses for the preparation of glass capillary columns in gas-liquid chromatography, /. Chromatogr., 99, 81-101, 1974. 

In recent years, many of the technologically outdated methods of 40 CFR Part 136 have been upgraded to incorporate the latest advances in instrumental analysis. For example, capillary chromatographic columns with superior compound resolution replaced obsolete packed columns in gas chromatography (GC) and GC/MS analytical methods Freon 113, a chlorofluorocarbon harmful to the environment, was phased out as the extraction solvent in oil and grease analysis and replaced with hexane in Method 1664 (EPA, 1999b). 

For the preparation of capillary columns for gas chromatography, the fused silica column wall is deactivated using polysiloxanes, and modified with a suitable stationary phase. Hetem19 discussed the use of polymethylhydrosiloxanes (PMHS) for deactivation and subsequent coating with a polymerized C18-type silane for stationary phase formation. Stationary phases used in packed GC are analogous to HPLC. 

Pawlisch, C. A. Brie, J. R. Laurence, R. L., "Solute Diffusion in Polymers. 2. Fourier Estimation of Capillary Column Inverse Gas Chromatography Data," Macromolecules, 21, 1685 (1988). 

Solute Diffusion in Polymers by Capillary Column Inverse Gas Chromatography... 

Diffusivity data are available only for a limited number of polymer-solvent systems. This paper describes research that has led to the development of the use of capillary column inverse gas chromatography (IGC) for the measurement of diffusion coefficients of solute molecules in polymers at infinite dilution. The work has resulted in a precise, rapid technique for the diffusion measurements that circumvents the many problems attendant to classical sorption methods and packed column IGC methods. Initial results of the program appeared in two recent publications (1,2)- Some of the material introduced in those papers is discussed here to present background for... 

Following the ideas developed by Guillet and his co-workers, a method using Capillary Column Inverse Gas Chromatography (CCIGC) was developed (1.21 to measure diffusion coefficients in polymer-solvent systems at conditions approaching infinite dilution of the volatile component. 

L. S. Ettre, Open Tubular Columns in Gas Chromatography, Plenum Press, New York, 1965. D. H. Desty, Capillary columns, trials, tribulations and triumphs, in Advances in Chromatography, Vol. 1 (Eds. J. C. Giddings and R. A. Keller), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1966, pp. 199-228. 

The possibility of using open capillary adsorption columns in gas chromatography without a splitter becomes obvious considering that the amount of adsorbent in such columns and its capacity per unit length are rather large. With respect to this characteristic capillary adsorption columns are very much like wide open capillary columns with a thick... 

Tock and co-workers [101] suggested a very interesting method for preparation of porous silica layers in open tubular columns. This method was worked out for fused silica capillaries used in liquid chromatography. However, in our opinion it is also promising for ALOT columns in gas chromatography. 

As authors, we tried to follow the familiar proverb A picture is worth a thousand words . In our book there are many chromatograms that graphically illustrate the analytical possibilities and the role of capillary gas-solld columns in gas chromatography. 

Capillary electrophoresis is a technique in which ions are separated by differences in their electrophoretic migration rates when a high voltage is applied. The column is an open tubular capillary, similar to the capillary used in gas chromatography. Addition of an ionic surfactant, polymer, or a larger organic ion also modi-... 

Capillary-Column Combined Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Estimation of Nicotine in Plasma by Selected Ion Monitoring... 

BAL Baltus, R.E., Alger, M.M., and Stanley, T.J., Solubility and diffusivity of cyclic oligomers in poly(dimethylsiloxane) using capillary column inverse gas chromatography, Macromolecules, 26, 5651, 1993. 

Pawlisch, C.A., Maoris, A., and Laurence, R.L. (1988) Solute diffusion in polymers. 2. Fourier estimation of capillary column inverse gas chromatography data. Macromolecules, 21 (6), 1685-1698. 

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