Canola fatty acids

Several other procedures have been developed to protect unsaturated fatty acids from ruminal biohydrogenation. Of these, only the amide derivative has extensive research documentation (Jenkins, 1998, 1999), but has not been applied commercially. Often, calcium soaps of palm oil or canola fatty acids are referred to as protected. These are not protected from ruminal biohydrogenation (Table 2.2), but rather are ruminally inert with regard to their effects on the rumen microbial population. 

Ackman, R.G. (1983) Chemical composition of rapeseed oil, in High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils (eds. J.K.G. Kramer, F.D. Sauer and WJ. Pigden), Academic Press, Toronto, pp. 85—141. Ackman, R.G. (1990) Canola fatty acids — an ideal mixture for health, nutrition, and food use, in Canola and Rapeseed. Production, Chemistry, Nutrition and Processing Technology (ed F. Shahidi), Avi Book, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 81—98. 

Synonyms Canola fatty acid Cl6-18 and Cl8 unsaturated alkylcarboxylic acid Fatty acids. Cl 6-18 and Cl 8 unsaturated... 

Canola fatty acid. See Canola acid Canola methyl ester. See Methyl canolate Canolamidopropyl betaine CAS 223704-88-9... 

Lassner M. W. Lardizabal, K., and Metz J.G. (1996). A Jojoba b-ketoacyl-CoA synthase cDNA complements the Canola fatty acid Elongation Mutation in Transgenic plants. Plant Cell 8, 281-292. 

Chem. Descrip. Dist. canola fatty acid CAS 67701-084)... 

Synonyms Canola fatty acid C16-18 and C18 unsaturated alkylcarboxylic acid ... 

Apart from a few reports" on solid acid catalyzed esterification of model compounds, to our knowledge utilization of solid catalysts for biodiesel production from low quality real feedstocks have been explored only recently. 12-Tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) impregnated on hydrous zirconia was evaluated as a solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from canola oil containing up to 20 wt % free fatty acids and was found to give ester yield of 90% at 200°C. Propylsulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica catalyst for esterification of FFA in flotation beef tallow showed a superior initial catalytic activity (90% yield) relative to a... 

As mentioned earlier, both MCTs and LCTs are used in tube feeding products. Corn, soy, and safflower oils have been the mainstay sources of fat in these products, providing mainly co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). On the other hand, some newer EN products contain higher quantities of co-3 PUFAs from sources such as fish oil [i.e., docosahexenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentenoic acid or (EPA)]. Still other formulas contain higher quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids from canola oil and high-oleic safflower or sunflower oils. The essential fatty acid (EFA) content (mainly linoleic acid) of EN... 

For the purposes of making polyols from these triglycerides, oils which contain a high level of unsaturation are desirable. Oils such as soy, canola, and sunflower are acceptable due to relatively low levels of saturated fatty acids, while feedstocks such as palm oil are considered unusable without further purification or refinement due to high levels of saturated fatty acids. Table 1 outlines the composition of several oils (3). 

Canola - [FATS AND FATTY OILS] (Vol 10) -fatty acid source [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - ECONOMIC ASPECTS] (Vol 5) -growth regulators for [GROWTH REGULATIONS - PLANT] (Vol 12)... 

Table D1.4.5 Iodine Value (IV), Fatty Acid Composition, and Solid Fat Index (SFI) of Canola Oil" ...

Yoon, S. H. Nakaya, H. Ito, O. Miyawaki, O. Park, K. H. Nakamura, K. Effects of Substrate Solubility in Interesterification with Riolein by Immobilized Lipase in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1998, 62, 170-172. Yu, Z. R. Rizvi, S. S. H. Zollweg, J. A. Enzymatic Esterification of Fatty Acid Mixtures from Milk Fat and Anhydrous Milk Fat with Canola Oil in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Biotechnol. Prog. 1992, 8, 508-513. 

Ward, A.T., Wittenberg, K.M., and Przybylski, R. 2002. Bovine milk fatty acid profiles produced by feeding diets containing solin, flax and canola. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 1191-1196. 

Erucic acid is a fatty acid that has toxic properties and has been related to heart disease in humans. Glucosinolates give rise to breakdown products that are toxic to animals. These characteristics make rapeseed products unsuitable as animal feedstuffs but canola, like soybeans, contains both a high oil content and a high protein content and is an excellent feedstuff for poultry. 

Cherian, G. and Sim, J.S. (1991) Effect of feeding full fat flax and canola seeds to laying hens on the fatty acid composition of eggs, embryos and newly hatched chicks. Poultry Science 70, 917-922. 

Monounsaturated fatty acids Long-chained molecules found in nuts, avocados, olive oil, grapeseed oil, peanut oil, flaxseed oil, sesame oil, corn oil, and canola oil. 

Lipases have also been used in hyphenated extraction-reaction routes to deriving natural oils using two high-pressure units in series. Canola oil was extracted from canola flakes and fatty acid ethyl esters synthesised using an immobilised enzyme (Lipozyme M) (Kondo et al, 2002). It was clear that each unit in this process, whether reaction or extraction, needed to be run under its own optimum conditions. 

DePeters, E.J., German, J.B., Taylor, S.J., Essex, S.T. and Perez-Monti, H. (2001) Fatty acid and triglyceride composition of milk fat from lactating Holstein cows in response to supplemental canola oil. J. Dairy Sci., 84, 929-936. 

Jenkins, T.C. (1998) Fatty acid composition of milk from Holstein cows fed oleamide or canola oil. J. Dairy Sci., 81, 794-800. 

Oleic acid was increased to 48% of total milk fatty acids by feeding oleamide as a rumen-protected source of oleic acid (Jenkins, 1998). The response was nearly linear up to 5% of supplement in the diet dry matter. Proportions of all de uovo-synthesized milk fatty acids, except butyric, were reduced (Jenkins, 1999). LaCount et al. (1994) abomasally infused fatty acids from canola or high oleic acid sunflower oil into lactating cows. The transfer of oleic acid to milk fat was linear (slope = 0.541 0 350 g infused/ day) the proportion of oleic acid in milk fat increased and proportions of all de novo-synthesized fatty acids, except C4 and C6 decreased. The proportion of Ci8 o also was unchanged. Linoleic acid from canola also was transferred linearly (slope = 0.527 0-90 g infused/day). These transfers from the intestine are nearly identical to that reported by Banks et al. (1976). Hagemeister et al. (1991) reported 42 to 57% transfer of abomasally-infused linolenic acid to milk fat. 

Calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids are used widely as an energy supplement. With a content of 45 to 50% Ci6 o, these calcium soaps increase palmitic acid in milk fat compared with oilseeds (Table 2.2). Whole oilseeds (cottonseed, canola, soybeans) also are used widely as energy supplements in dairy diets. All except cottonseed oil (25% Ci6 o) contain predominantly Qx fatty acids. When fed whole or crushed, the oil tends to be released slowly,... 

Ashes, J.R., St. Vincent Welch, P., Gulati, S.K., Scott, T.W., Brown, G.H., Blakeley, S. 1992. Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of milk by feeding protected canola seeds. J. Dairy Sci. 75, 1090-1096. 

Chouinard, P.Y., Girard, V., Brisson, G.J. 1997. Lactational response of cows to different concentrations of calcium salts of canola oil fatty acids with or without bicarbonates.. / Dairy Sci. 80, 1185-1193. 

LaCount, D.W., Drackley, J.K., Laesch, S.O., Clark, J.H. 1994. Secretion of oleic acid in milk fat in response to abomasal infusions of canola or high oleic sunflower fatty acids. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 1372-1385. 

At the same milk fat canola oil ratio, interesterified blends were softer than the non-interesterilied blends, an observation that was attributed to the combined effects of the dilution of the milk fat by the softer canola oil and the incorporation of the unsaturated fatty acids of the canola oil into the triacylglycerol molecules of the milk fat (Rousseau et al., 1996b). 

Biodiesel made from feedstocks containing large concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids will have very poor cold flow properties. Less expensive feedstocks such as palm oil or tallow (see Table 1.3) may not be feasible in moderate temperature climates. In contrast, feedstocks with lower concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids yield biodiesel with more attractive cold flow properties. For example, biodiesel from canola, linseed, olive, rape-seed, and safflower oils have CP and PP close to or below 0°C (Table 1.3). 

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