Testicular cancer, increase

However, incidence of testicular cancer is increasing in American blacks and Japansese, both of whom have a low incidence of testis cancer. " Extrapolation of the epidemiological trends suggests that the incidence rate of testis cancer will continue to double every 15-25 years. 

After over half a century of chemotherapy research, cancer remains one of the most difficult life-threatening diseases to treat, a consequence of factors that include limitations of animal models, tiunour diversity, drug resistance and the side effects of therapy. Although there have been successes, most notably in treatment of testicular cancer [1], chemotherapy can currently still offer only a modest increase in survival time in the majority of advanced disease cases [2], The incidence of cancer is increasing due to ageing populations in most countries, and it has been estimated that in 20 years time there will be 20 million new cancer patients worldwide each year [3]. An optimistic view, however, is that in the coming decades advances in prevention, detection and treatment will see cancer becoming considered not as a fatal but as a chronic disease [3]. 

The hypothesis that environmental endocrine disruptors may contribute to diseases of the male reproductive tract has spurred considerable research on this area, with a particular emphasis on changes that have occurred over time. There are no apparent global changes in sperm counts and fertility, rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and birth sex ratios. Testicular cancer is increasing in most countries, but it is not correlated with other indicators of male reproductive capacity. Moreover, testicular cancer is increasing while DDE and other POPs are decreasing, suggesting that exposure to these compounds is not linked to testicular cancer. 

Hormone disruption refers to a chemical s ability to mimic or block the action of the body s own hormones, or its ability to interfere with normal hormone production or breakdown in some way. Chemicals that are able to disrupt sex and thyroid hormones have been particularly under the spotlight, but other hormones, such as those of the adrenal gland, may also be subject to disruption. The overall result appears to be damage to reproductive, immune, and nervous systems, and increases in birth defects, selected cancers, and learning disabilities. For the last three decades, there has been a disconcerting increase in the incidence of such human health disorders as breast cancer, testicular cancer, hypospadias (a birth defect where the urethra does not open at the end of the penis) and learning disabilities. 

Cancer (human) Increased risk of testicular cancer (2nd generation) Meeker et al. (2007)... 

Cisplatin has been extensively used for the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancers and increasingly against other types of solid tumors (head/neck, lung, cervical, and bladder) [53]. The mechanism of action is believed to involve its aquation to the more reactive aqua-chloro complex, c/x-[PtCl(NH3)2(OH2)]+ prior to binding to DNA in vivo [50,51,54-56]. Therefore, it is important to determinate the rates of hydrolysis and pKa values of the hydrolysis products. 

Disruptions in the natural timing and sequence of the endocrine system may have negative effects including infertility, promotion of prostate cancer, testicular cancer and breast cancer, or even increase rates of diabetes, obesity and asthma. 

Some scientific studies indicate that the gam in performance obtained through the use of anabolic steroids is small This may be a case though in which the anecdotal evidence of the athletes may be closer to the mark than the scientific studies The scientific studies are done under ethical conditions in which patients are treated with prescription level doses of steroids A 240 pound offensive tackle ( too small by todays standards) may take several ana bolic steroids at a time at 10-20 times their pre scribed doses in order to weigh the 280 pounds he (or his coach) feels is necessary The price athletes pay for gams in size and strength can be enormous This price includes emotional costs (friendships lost because of heightened aggressiveness) sterility testicular atro phy (the testes cease to function once the body starts to obtain a sufficient supply of testosterone like steroids from outside) and increased risk of prema ture death from liver cancer or heart disease... 

Laboratory studies with mice and rats have conclusively demonstrated that the injection of cadmium metal or salts causes malignancies (sarcoma) at the site of injection and testicular tumors. However, the simultaneous administration of zinc is protective against sarcoma and interstitial cell tumor development (USEPA 1980). In rats, no dose-related increases in tumors were found at maximum oral daily doses of 4.4 mg Cd/kg BW (USPHS 1993). Among humans, the available epidemiological evidence is not sufficient to conclude that cadmium is definitely implicated as a carcinogen (USEPA 1980 Nomiyama 1982), although cadmium exposure is associated with lung cancer in humans (Shimada et al. 1998). 

---