Larynx cancer

Thorotrast (colloidal Th02) was once used as a radiopaque agent in medicine (see Radiopaques). Its injection in a dose of 2.0—15.0 g caused rises in body temperature, nausea, and injury to tissues at the injection site, followed by anemia, leukopenia, and impairment of the reticuloendothehal system. After intravenous adrninistration, thorotrast particles are taken up by reticuloendothehal cells of the fiver and spleen. Thorotrast is virtually not eliminated from the body (91). Between 1947 and 1961, 33 cases of cancer of the fiver, larynx, and bronchi and sarcoma of the kidneys, developing from 6 to 24 years after thorotrast administering, have been described in the literature (92). 

N. Jourenkova-Mironova, K. Mitrunen, C. Bouchardy, P. Dayer, S. Benhamou, A. Hir-vonen, High-Activity Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase Genotypes and the Risk of Oral, Pharynx, and Larynx Cancers , Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 534 - 536. 

Ahrens W, Jockel K, Patzak W, et al. 1991. Alcohol, smoking, and occupational factors in cancer of the larynx A case control study. Am J Ind Med 20 477-493. 

Toxicology. The water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds such as chromic acid mist and certain chromate dusts are severe irritants of the nasopharynx, larynx, lungs, and skin exposure to certain hexavalent chromium compounds, mainly water insoluble, appears to be related to an increased risk of lung cancer. 

According to the lARC, sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity for alcoholic beverages has been established in humans." Epidemiological studies clearly indicate that consumption of alcoholic beverages is causally related to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver. Since the lARC evaluation, evidence has accumulated for an asso-... 

Yamada A, Hirose F, Nagai M, et al Five cases of cancer of the larynx found in persons who suffered from occupational mustard gas poisoning. Gann 48 366-368, 1957... 

Overgaard J, Hansen HS, Overgaard M, et al. A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85. Radiother Oncol 1998 46 135-146. 

Lefebvre JL, Chevalier D, Luboinski B, et al. Larynx preservation in pyriform sinus cancer preliminary results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial. EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 88 890-899. 

Reference Stomach Oesophagus Larynx Leukaemia Pancreas All cancer All mortality ... 

Eisen, E.A., Tolbert, R.E., Hallock, M.F, Monson, R.R., Smith, T.J. Woskie, S.R. (1994) Mortality studies of machining fluid e.xposure in the automobile industry. IE Aease-eontrol study of larynx cancer. Am. J. ind. Med., 26, 185-202 Eller, R.M., ed. (1994) NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (DHHS (NIOSH) Rubl. No. 94-113), 4th Ed., Cincirmati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [Method 3509]... 

Two cohort studies, two proportionate mortality studies and two nested case-control studies looked at cancer mortality or incidence among workers using metalworking fluids with ethanolamines as additives, with or without sodium nitrite. Small excesses were observed for cancers at various sites, in particular, stomach, oesophagus and larynx. In most of these studies, only associations with use of soluble oils or synthetic fluids were presented and no results were given specifically in relation to triethanolamine exposure. It is difficult to draw conclusions regarding triethanolamine using data from studies of exposures to these complex mixtures. 

Sweeney et al. (1986) studied mortality among 2510 male chemical workers in the United States, followed from 1952 to 1977. Potential exposures included tetraethyl lead (lARC, 1987b), ethylene dibromide (see this volume), 1,2-dichloroethane, inorganic lead (lARC, 1987b) and vinyl chloride monomer (lARC, 1987c). There were 156 deaths (SMR, 0.7) and 38 cancer deaths (SMR, 1.0) observed. There were excesses of cancer of the larynx (SMR, 3.6 90% CI, 0.7-11.5, based on 2 cases) and brain (SMR, 2.1 90% CI, 0.7-4.9, based on 4 cases). The SMR for all lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers w as 0.9 (90% CI, 0.3-1.9, based on 4 cases). Levels of exposure were not reported, but a NIOSH surv ey in 1980 found levels of exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane to be below the recommended NIOSH standard, while lead exposures were elevated. It was not possible to link mortality to any particular chemical exposure. 

A cohort study at two plants producing ethanol and isopropanol in the United States showed nonsignificant excess risks based on two cancers of the larynx and three buccal cavity and pharynx cancers in strong-acid workers (lARC, 1992a). 

As described in the monograph on diethyl sulfate (see this volume), a cohort study at an isopropanol and ethanol manufacturing plant in the United States revealed an increased risk for laryngeal cancer. As also mentioned in the same monograph, a cohort study at a plant producing ethanol and isopropanol in the United States suggested an increased risk for cancers of the larynx, buccal cavity and pharynx in strong-acid workers (lARC, 1992). 

Franceschi S, Talamini R, Barra S, Baron AE, Negri E, Bidoli E, Serraino D, La Vecchia C. 1990. Smoking and drinking in relation to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus in northern Italy. Cancer Res 50 6502-6507. 

Severe skin irritant. Harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin extremely destructive to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. Inhalation may be fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, and edema of larynx and bronchi, chemical pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. Skin cancers produced in animals.2 An experimental carcinogen by oral, subcutaneous, intratracheal, and dermal routes.3 Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.4 Prevent contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. Prevent inhalation of vapor.5 TLV-TWA 0.5 ppm (1.5 mg/m3).6... 

An association with tobacco use has also been established for cancers of the larynx, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, and bladder. 

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