Radiopaque agents

Gadopentetate dimeglumine 46. lodamide meglumine 24% (11.1% iodine) lodamide meglumine 65% 

Radiographic contrast media (radiopaques) increase the absorption of X-rays as they pass through the body and are used for delineating body structures. Magnetic resonance contrast agents enhance the images obtained from the absorption of radio waves by atomic nuclei. 

Tamoxifen, raloxifene, and toremifene are selective estrogen-receptor modulators, or SERMs, that are compounds 

Raloxifene acts as a partial agonist in bone but does not stimulate endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women. Presumably this is due to some combination of differential expression of transcription factors in the two tissues and the effects of this SERM on ER conformation. Raloxifene induces a configuration in ER a that is distinct from that of tamoxifen-ER (3, suggesting that a different set of coactivators/corepressors may interact with ER-raloxifene compared to ER-tamoxifen. 

Raloxifene is adsorbed rapidly after oral administration and has an absolute bioavailability of about 2%. The drug has a half-life of about 28 hours and is eliminated primarily in the feces after hepatic glucuronidation it does not appear to undergo significant biotransformation by cytochrome p450s (CYPs). 

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Thorotrast (colloidal Th02) was once used as a radiopaque agent in medicine (see Radiopaques). Its injection in a dose of 2.0—15.0 g caused rises in body temperature, nausea, and injury to tissues at the injection site, followed by anemia, leukopenia, and impairment of the reticuloendothehal system. After intravenous adrninistration, thorotrast particles are taken up by reticuloendothehal cells of the fiver and spleen. Thorotrast is virtually not eliminated from the body (91). Between 1947 and 1961, 33 cases of cancer of the fiver, larynx, and bronchi and sarcoma of the kidneys, developing from 6 to 24 years after thorotrast administering, have been described in the literature (92). 

Orally administered suspensions containing a wide class of active ingredients (e.g., antibiotics, antacids, radiopaque agents) are of major commercial importance. The solids content of an oral suspension may vary considerably. For example, antibiotic preparations may contain 125-500 mg solid drug per 5 mL or a teaspoonful dose, while a drop concentrate may provide the same amount of drug in only 1-2 mL. Antacid or radiopaque suspensions also contain relatively high amounts of suspended material for oral administration. The suspending vehicle can, for example, be a syrup, sorbitol solution, or gum-thickened water with added... 

Barium sulfate is a radiopaque or contrast agent that blocks the transmission X-rays to help physicians see any special conditions that may exist in an organ or that part of the body where the contrast agent is localized. The areas in which radiopaque agents are located will appear white on X-ray film, creating the needed distinction, or contrast, between one organ and other tissues. How can the toxicity of the barium ion be controlled to provide this necessary radiopaque function ... 

Archer S (1959) Chemical aspects of radiopaque agents. Ann NY Acad Sci 78 720... 

Several perfluoroalkyl and cycloalkyl bromides were tested for potential as oxygen carriers, blood substitutes, radiopaque agents, for other medical applications or as intermediates. Their LD50 toxicity data are listed in Table 14 (for additional information, see also ref 2). 

Use Luminous paints, fluorescent lamps, photography, medicine (radiopaque agent). 

Classifications of ionic and nonionic monomers and dimers or bis compounds are shown with their structures in Table 10.2. Table 10.3 contains the chemical names of these radiopaque agents and available properties ... 

Properties Wh. cryst. sol. in ammonium chloride insol. in water m.w. 287.92 dens. 6.062 Uses Luminous paints fluorescent lamps photography medicine (radiopaque agent) scintillation counters possibly lasers... 

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