Cancer in children

The retinoblastoma protein was identified originally through studies of an inherited form of eye cancer in children, known as retinoblastoma. The loss of both copies of the Rb gene leads to excessive cell proliferation in the mature retina. This suggested that... 

After the nuclear explosion at Chernobyl in 1986, Anatoly and other professors and physicians created a foundation, For the Children of Chernobyl. Their goal was to send children abroad for the summers for a reprieve from radiation exposure which impairs their immune systems and has resulted in unprecedented levels of thyroid cancer in children and adults. The first host country to respond to their call for help was India. Before long, the foundation was sending 30,000 children every summer to host families and programs in many countries, including Germany, England, Japan, the U.S., Spain, Italy and France. 

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers for juvenile arthritis may lead to cancers in children and young adults.57... 

Exposures to chemicals or chemical mixtures that are known to be carcinogenic to adults, especially DNA-reactive drugs, have also caused cancers in children. This occurs principally under the intense and prolonged exposure conditions that are associated with antitumour chemotherapy and certain other medical treatments (Chow et al., 1996). 

Chemicals with DNA-damaging modes of action are likely to cause cancers in children if the children themselves, or their mothers... 

Chow WH, Linet MS, Liff JM, Greenberg RS (1996) Cancers in children. In Schottenfeld D Fraumeni JF Jr eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention, 2nd ed. New York, Oxford University Press, pp 1331-1369. 

The data using the homologous products did not show carcinogenic effects in rodents and thus can be used to support the position that there is a lack of convincing evidence for an increased risk of cancer in children receiving recombinant GH therapy. However, it is unclear whether the data are sufficient to modify the current labels for communicating carcinogenic risk. Furthermore, since the clinical data already seemed to support the lack of effect... 

Within the following few weeks 28 of the 32 acute deaths of exposed employees were judged due to radiation exposure. Thyroid cancer in children under 18 rose from an incidence of 0.5 of 100,000 (1986-1988 baseline) to more than ten times that level (5-8 per 100,000) in Belarus (1993-2002). Increases were just as consistent, but of less magnitude for Ukraine, going from 0.2 per 100,000 from 1986 to 1988 (baseline) to 5-10 times that level (1 to 2.2 per 100,000) from 1993 to 2002. There is little doubt that Chernobyl radiation caused thyroid cancer. In 2,000 there were 4,000 cases of thyroid cancer in children under 18 drinking milk contaminated with in 2002 there were 12 deaths related to these exposures. 

The types and distribution of oral diseases observed in the residents of contaminated areas were the same as those of the residents of uncontaminated areas. Projects supported by the European Commission (EC) The EC supported many scientific research projects on Chernobyl s consequences. The results were summarized at the First International Conference of the European Union, Belarus, the Russian Federation and the Ukraine on the Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident, held in Minsk, on 18-22 March 1996. The projects produced valuable information that can be used for future emergency planning, dose assessment and environmental remediation as well as in the treatment of highly exposed individuals and in screening for thyroid cancer in children. 

In liver cancer in children, resistance to alcuronium has been reported (SEDA-13, 104) (20). 

Dactinomycin is nsed to treat cancers in children, in par-ticnlar Wilms tnmor. It has similar adverse effects to doxombicin. 

In liver disease, increased amounts of D-tubocurarine may be reqnired. In the past it has been suggested that this could be due to reduced synthesis of acetylcholinesterase, or to increased concentrations of gammaglobulins binding the relaxant (14), although this is disputed (15). Similar kinetic mechanisms to those suggested for pancuronium may be involved, but there are no studies on D-tubocurarine. In primary liver cancer in children, resistance to D-tubocurarine (and alcuronium) has been reported (SEDA-13,104) (16). 

Pediatrics/neonatology The medical treatment and study of children and infants, respectively. Studies in these areas include anorexia, asthma, ADHD, birth defects, cancers in children, child depression, growth deficiencies, juvenile diabetes, obesity, strep throat, vaccines, and others. 

From American Cancer Society. Eight warning signs of cancer in children. Atlanta, American Cancer Society. 

Holcomb GW, Ziegler MM. Nutrition and cancer in children. Surg Annu 1990 22 129-142. 

Fletcher JM, Copeland DR Neurobehavioral effects of central nervous system prophylactic treatment of cancer in children. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 10 495-538, 1988... 

Dactinomycin is mainly used to treat cancers in children. 

The Chernobyl accident has strengthened the connection between ionizing radiation and thyroid cancer. It has become clear that radiation is much more likely to induce thyroid cancer in children exposed at very young ages, especially if they have been exposed to from ingestion, have had iodine-deficient diets and have a dysfunctional thyroid gland (Cardis et al, 2005). 

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood-forming cells (usually white blood cells) located in bone marrow that spreads to the blood. Leukemia accounts for one-third of all cancers in children. Every year about 2800 American children develop leukemia. The exact cause is unknown, although it sometimes occurs in conjunc-... 

The Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 resulted in the largest radiation exposure in recent history. The radioactive materials released contained high levels of radioactive iodine (particularly, with a half-life of 8 days), an element that accumulates in the thyroid gland as a component of thyroid hormone. Following the explosion, people were exposed to deadly radioactive materials estimated to be 100 times greater than that associated with the detonation of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima. In Belarus, thyroid cancer in children under 18 increased from an incidence of 0.03-0.05 cases per 100,000 (1986-1988 data) to more than 10 times that level (5-8 cases per 100,000) in the period 1993-2002. Increases in thyroid cancer also were noted in Ukraine, with rates going from 0.02 per 100,000 (1986-1988 data) to 5-10 times that level (1-2.2 per 100,000) over the period from 1993-2002 (Reiners et al., 2013). There is little doubt that Chernobyl radiation exposure caused thyroid cancer among children in the affected area. 

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