Cancer cell characterization

Tumor—Masses of cells, often cancer cells, characterized by uncontrolled and usually rapid cell division. 

Interestingly, some antimicrobial peptides specific for bacteria will also attack cancer cells characterized by increased levels of phosphatidylserine and negatively charged glycoproteins. Studies with model... 

Swaneck, G. E., and Fishman, J., Covalent binding of the endogenous estrogen 16a-hydroxyestrone to estradiol receptor in human breast cancer cells Characterization and intranuclear localization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85,7831-7835 (1988). 

A priori, one should avoid rash conclusions that any of the reported effects of hundreds aziridines are due to their alkylating activity. Quite complex compounds (21-65) may display additional antioxidant properties some of them would serve better substances for proteins assuring multidrug resistance, such as P-glycoprotein (MDR-1). It is generally accepted that this protein binds its substrates directly from the lipid bilayer rather than from the aqueous cytoplasmic phase. Binding sites of this protein thus in cancer cells characterized by increased expression of the gene mdr-1, these hydrophobic compounds would be more readily exported than such hydrophilic molecules as 1-20. 

Cancer. Cancer is a cellular malignancy characterized by loss of normal controls resulting in unregulated growth, lack of differentiation, and the abihty to invade local tissues and metastasize. Most cancers are potentially curable, if detected at an early enough stage. The ideal antineoplastic agent would destroy cancer cells without adverse effects or toxicities to normal cells. No such dmg exists. 

Two NKxr splice variants have been identified (Table 3). A NKxr splice variant having a very short C-terminal intracellular tail (7 instead of 96 amino acids), which has been expressed and characterized in recombinant systems (Fig. 1), was found to be expressed at higher level than the long isoform in breast cancer cells. As compared to the long receptor, the short NKxr isoform is less subjected to desensitization and internalization... 

HUDSON A, DiNH p A, KOKUBUN T, siMMONDS M s, GESCHER A (2000) Characterization of potentially chemopreventive phenols in extracts of brown rice that inhibit the growth of human breast and colon cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9 (11) 1163-70. 

Many diseases are characterized by the expression of specific proteins1 in some cases, malignant cells yield unique protein profiles when total cellular protein extracts are analyzed by proteomic methods such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS).2 High-throughput proteomic studies may be useful to differentiate normal cells from cancer cells, to identify and define the use of biomarkers for specific cancers, and to characterize the clinical course of disease. Proteomics can also be used to isolate and characterize potential drug targets and to evaluate the efficacy of treatments. 

Pirker, R., Fitzgerald, D.J.P., Hamilton, T., Ozols, R.F., Laird, W., Frankel, A.E., Willingham, M.C., and Pastan, I. (1986) Characterization of immunotoxins active against ovarian cancer cell lines. J. Clin. Invest. 76, 1261. 

Numerous excellent reviews on the possible role of oxygen radicals in cancer and carcinogenesis have been published 10-20 years ago [147-153], Earliest studies have been much concerned with the role of SOD in tumor cells. Despite some contradictory results, it is general conclusion that tumor cells are usually characterized by lowered CuZnSOD activity and always by lowered MnSOD activity [147]. The origin of SOD declining in cancer cells is unknown. It has been suggested that MnSOD is not induced in cancer immortalized cells in response to oxidative stress, but the reason of this is uncertain [154],... 

Simard J, Labrie C, Belanger A, Gauthier S, Singh SM, Merand Y, Labrie F (1997) Characterization of the effects of the novel non-steroidal antiestrogen EM-800 on basal and estrogen-induced proliferation of T-47D, ZR-75-1 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. Int J Cancer 73 104-112... 

Metastatic bone disease (MBD) is characterized by very high levels of bone turnover in regions proximal to the tumour [33]. Bone resorption inhibitors such as bisphosphonates represent the current standard of care for the treatment of bone metastases primarily due to breast or prostate cancer and multiple myeloma. It has been proposed that other strong anti-resorptives such as a Cat K inhibitor could be useful in the treatment of bone metastases. Evidence for this has been presented in the form of a preclinical MBD model in which human breast cancer cells are implanted into nude mice. Treatment with a Cat K inhibitor gave a significantly lower area of breast cancer-mediated osteolytic lesions in the tibia [34]. In a separate study, the efficacy of a Cat K inhibitor in the reduction in tumour-induced osteolysis was found to be enhanced in the presence of the bisphosphonate zolendronic acid [35,36]. When prostate cancer cells were injected into the tibia of SCID mice, treatment with a Cat K inhibitor both prevented and diminished the progression of cancer growth in bone [37]. 

Somervaille, T. and Cleary, M. (2006) Identification and characterization of leukemia stem cells in murine MLL-AF9 acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 10, 257-268. 

K. Schlottman, F. P. Wachs, R. C. Krieg, F. Kullmann, J. Scholmerich and G. Rogler, Characterization of bile salt-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. Cancer Res., 2000, 60(15), 4270. 

Wifhouf a doubf, one of fhe mosf significanf fesfimonies to fhe power of fhe microarray has been in the characterization of cancer cell lines and tumor gene expression. The National Cancer Institute s (NCI) study of cDNA... 

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