Cardiovascular system cancer

Comparative Toxicokinetics. In humans, the targets for trichloroethylene toxicity are the liver, kidney, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. Experimental animal studies support this conclusion, although the susceptibilities of some targets, such as the liver, appear to differ between rats and mice. The fact that these two species could exhibit such different effects allows us to question which species is an appropriate model for humans. A similar situation occurred in the cancer studies, where results in rats and mice had different outcomes. The critical issue appears to be differences in metabolism of trichloroethylene across species (Andersen et al. 1980 Buben and O Flaherty 1985 Filser and Bolt 1979 Prout et al. 1985 Stott et al. 1982). Further studies relating the metabolism of humans to those of rats and mice are needed to confirm the basis for differences in species and sex susceptibility to trichloroethylene s toxic effects and in estimating human heath effects from animal data. Development and validation of PBPK models is one approach to interspecies comparisons of data. 

In addition to effects on bone, raloxifene may have effects in breast tissue and on the cardiovascular system. A secondary end point of the MORE trial evaluated the effects of raloxifene on the primary prevention of breast cancer and found a significant reduction in all types of breast cancer.33 Raloxifene decreases total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol,34 and studies are evaluating its effect on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.35... 

A third type of dose response relationship has been proposed, which is increasingly gaining acceptance, and this is the hormetic kind. This kind of dose response, for which there is experimental evidence, involves opposite effects at low doses, giving rise to a U-shaped or J-shaped curve (Fig. 2.11). That is, there may be positive or stimulatory beneficial effects at low doses. For example, some data indicate that at low doses of dioxin, the incidence of certain cancers in animals exposed is less than occurs in controls. Another example is alcohol (ethanol), for which there is evidence from a number of studies that low to moderate intake in man leads to lower levels of cardiovascular disease. Of course, high levels of intake of alcohol are well established to cause liver cirrhosis, various cancers, and also damage to the cardiovascular system. 

The use of testosterone replacement therapy for the treatment of hypogonadism and ED may assist PDE5 inhibitors if they have failed to be effective (57). Testosterone levels within the normal range have neutral or potentially beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system (58). Androgen replacement therapy should be offered to men with CAD and hypogonadism if symptomatically appropriate. The absence of long-term studies needs to be addressed in terms of possible preventive properties on the vascular wall, reduction in low-density lipoprotein levels, and the reduction of insulin resistance in contrast to the increase in hematocrit and risk of exacerbating prostate cancer. 

Workers are potentially exposed to a variety of substances during daily industrial operations. The OSHA estimates that a large segment of workers are simultaneously exposed to more than one substance and suffer from adverse effects. Adverse effects include many acute and chronic diseases (e.g., allergic sensitization, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, dermatitis, erythema, edema, irritation of the mucous membrane, irritation of the skin, kidney disease, liver disease, metabolic interferences, narcosis, neuropathy, ocular effects, odor effects, respiratory diseases, systemic toxicity). These should be properly addressed by concerned management and the individual worker to improve chemical safety. Workers come in contact directly or indirectly during different work conditions hence it is important to understand the possible adverse effects that these chemicals may cause vis-a-vis chemical safety. 

The application of antibodies in cardiovascular targeting in vivo originated with the experimental demonstration of the feasibility of using radiolabeled antimyosin antibody for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in 1976. Since then, the use of antibodies in the cardiovascular system has encompassed imaging of myocarditis,heart transplant rejection, dilated cardiomyopathy, alcohol induced cardiomyopathy,adriamycin cardiotoxicity, various other cardiomyopathies, vascular clots, atherosclerotic lesions,and even certain cancers such as soft tissue sarcomas.f Yet the best characterized and studied antibody for cardiovascular diagnostic targeting is monoclonal antimyosin Fab for its exquisite specificity... 

Squalene and phytosterols are components present in the unsaponifiable lipid fraction of foods (as tocopherols). Squalene is an intermediary in cholesterol biosynthesis, and 33.9-58.4 mg/100 g of it was found in the lipid fraction of quinoa (Jahaniaval et al., 2000 Ryan et ah, 2007) squalene is the biochemical precursor of the whole family of steroids, and besides their effective antioxidant activity, tocotrienols have other important functions, in particular in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system and a possible role in protection against cancer (Nesaretnam, 2008). Squalene is used as a bactericide and as an intermediate in many pharmaceuticals, organic coloring materials, rubber chemicals, and surface-active agents (Ahamed et ah, 1998). 

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