Cancer Breast tumours

Treatment of metastatic breast cancer if tumour overexpresses HER2 protein... 

Butcher, D.T. and Rodenhiser, D.l. (2007) Epigenetic inactivation of BRCAl is associated with aberrant expression of CTCF and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT3B) in some sporadic breast tumours. European Journal of Cancer (Oyford, England 1990), 43, 210-219. 

Fig. 14 ZK-253 effects on tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer xenograft tumours. Estrogen-dependent MCF-7/TAM tumours were implanted on day 0 into one flank of 70 estrogen-and tamoxifen-supplemented nude mice. After tumours had reached approximately 25 mm in size (after about 22 days), mice were randomised into seven groups (10 mice each) three control groups (control tamoxifen, control vehicle or control ovariectomy without estradiol), and the fom treatment groups (ZK-703, ZK-253, raloxifene or fulves-trant) each at 10 mg/kg subcutaneously daily. Treatment was continued either until the end of the experiment or imtil tumoms reached a median of approximately 100 mm (larger tumours were observed in some mice). The tumours were then removed, snap frozen, and used for analysis of ER levels, a Xenograft tumour growth curves. Data are expressed as medians with interquartile ranges, b ERa levels. Data are expressed as mean with upper 95% Cl...

Gertig DM, Erbas B, Fletcher A, Amos A, Kavanagh AM. Duration of hormone replacement therapy, breast tumour size and grade in a screening programme. Breast Cancer Res Treatment 2003 80 267-73. 

Majumdar S, Diamandis EP. The promoter and the enhancer region of the KLK 3 (prostate specific antigen) gene is frequently mutated in breast tumours and in breast carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 1999 79 1594-1602. 

Yousef GM, Borgono CA, Scorilas A, et al. Quantitative analysis of human kallikrein gene 14 expression in breast tumours indicates association with poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 2002 87 1287-1293. 

Marin A, Lopez de Cerain A, Hamilton E, Lewis AD, Martinez-Penuela JM, Idoate MA, Bello J. DT-diaphorase and cytochrome B5 reductase in human lung and breast tumours. Br J Cancer 1997 76 923-929. 

From the earlier work discussed at the 1978 Cold Spring Harbor Meeting on Cell Proliferation there has developed a broad field concerned with the study of growth factors and hormones and their effects on cell growth and differentiation. This area is considered in more detail in Chapter 2 and is of enormous clinical importance for the treatment of cancer. As well as the work on peptide hormones much work has focused on the use of MCF-7 and ZR 75.1 cell lines which were isolated from human breast tumour tissue (Lippman et al., 1977 Engel et al., 1978). These cells respond to oestrogen treatment, but the system is not as simple as first thought and may involve paracrine responses (Leake, 1988). 

The technique is widely used in the diagnosis of cancers, brain tumours, hydrocephalus and multiple sclerosis. It was reported in New Scientist4 that very small (4 mm) breast cancers can be detected by measuring the diffraction pattern given off by them. Figure 11.8 is a simulation of the type of image obtained from a MRI scan for a patient with multiple sclerosis. 

Expression of oestrogen receptor-p in oestrogen receptor-a negative human breast tumours. British Journal of Cancer, 95, 616-626. 

There has been limited success with monoclonal antibodies, used by themselves, and the antibody product Herceptin is employed in the treatment of certain forms of breast cancer. This antibody targets a protein called ERBB2, which is over-expressed in many breast tumours, and has a normal role as a receptor for endothelial growth factor and thus acts as an upstream activator of Ras-G proteins. Monoclonal antibodies have also been used to eradicate small populations of cancer cells from bone-marrow cells that have been pre-... 

Grimshaw, M. J. 2005. Endothelins in breast tumour cell invasion. Cancer Lett 222 129-138. 

Bingle, L., C. E. Lewis, K. P. Corke, M. W. Reed, and N. J. Brown. 2006. Macrophages promote angiogenesis in human breast tumour spheroids in vivo. Br J Cancer 94 101. 

A 6y-year-old woman, w ho had made an excellent recovery after local excision of a breast tumour 8 years previously, pre.sented with weight loss, bone tenderness and weakness. Her symptoms had developed over a numberof months. Her family were concerned that she was not caring for herself nor eating adequately. There was no clinical evidence of recurrence of breast cancer. LFTs showed only an elevated alkaline phosphatase (4.T0 U/l). 

The supply of oestrogen produced endogenously for the continued maintenance of tumour growth may be supplemented by the cancerous tissue itself (see review by Miller [30]). Over half [31] of human breast cancer cells synthesize oestrogen from androgen precursors in vitro [32-35]. Studies [35] on the synthesis in situ of oestrogens from human breast tumours by either the aromatase enzyme (from androstenedione) or a sulphatase enzyme (from oestrone sulphate) have shown that the latter pathway predominates. The sulphatase laromatase activity ratio is about 10 at normal in vivo concen-... 

The actual biological significance of aromatase activity in breast cancer tumours is not clear. Studies have shown that there is no correlation between aromatase activity and oestrogen receptor concentrations in breast tumours... 

The expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in human breast tumours and normal breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 70, 47-54. 

Hambly R J, Double J A, Thompson M J, et al. (1997). Establishment and characterisation of new cell lines from human breast tumours initially established as tumour xenografts in NMRI nude mice. Breast Cancer Res. Tr. 43 247-258. 

HpD has been used to treat a variety of tumours and bladder cancers, breast cancers, and certain ocular cancers. Just as bilirubin photosensitises the production of singlet oxygen to bring about its own destruction in the photodynamic treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (see Chapter 6), so components of HpD also produce singlet oxygen. And because the HpD tends to localise in tumour cells, so photosensitisation leads to then-destruction. 

Germain, E., Chajes, V., Cognault, S., Lhuillery, C., and Bougnoux, P. 1998. Enhancement of doxornbicin cytotoxicity by polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human breast tumour cell line MDA-MB-231 Relationship to lipid peroxidation. Int. J. Cancer 15 578-583. 

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