TURPENTINE Canada

Bordeaux turpentine—obtained frrum P. sylvestris and P. niaritimo. Canada turpentine—Canada balsam—Balsam of fir—7kre6enMtna canadensis (IT. )... 

Balsam Canada, Canada turpentine balsam of fir. Improperly Bairn a/ Gilead". Liquid oleoresin from Abies belsameo (L.), Mill., Pinaceae. Habit. Canada and Northern U.S. to Va. west to Minnesota- Constil, 27.5% Volatiles (pinene, nopinene, S-phellandrene), 44.5% resin acid (13% abietic, 8% neoabietic). 27% neutral resinous compounds. Ref Lombard et al, Peintures, Pigments, Vemis 34, 106 (1958), CL 52, 12420 (1958). 

Synonyms Abies balsamea Abies balsamea balsam Abies balsamea oleoresin Balsam Canada Balsam of fir Balsam fir Balsam fir oleoresin Balsams, Abies balsamea Balsams, Canada Canada turpentine... 

Camphor tar. See Naphthalene Camphor white oil. See Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) oil ( )-Camporquinone. See Camphorquinone Camposan. SeeEthephon T-CAN. See Trichloroacetonitrile Canada turpentine Canadian balsam. See Balsam Canada (Abies balsamea)... 

Common/vernacular names Balm of Gilead, balsam fir, balsam of fir, balsam fir Canada, Canada balsam, Canadian balsam, and Canada turpentine. 

Production of Hydrocarbons from Turpentine. In 1993, U.S. production of cmde turpentine was over 128 million liters at an average price of 0.21 /kg and includes cmde sulfate turpentine and turpentine from thermomechanical processes (5). In the same year, over 5.9 million Hters of gum, wood, or sulfate turpentine was imported into the United States, with the majority coming from Canada exports from the United States amounted to 6.16 million liters. 

Garene Manufacture. 3-Carene is obtained by fractional distillation of turpentine. Turpentine from the western United States and Canada averages about 25% 3-carene much of it is unutilised although it is obtained in high optical purity. Turpentines from the Scandinavian countries, the CIS, Pakistan, and India all contain significant quantities of 3-carene. 

Worldwide production of turpentine oils was ca. 280000t in 1990, of which approximately one third was produced in the United States and Canada as sulfate turpentine oil. Other major producers are Russia, China, and Scandinavia. 

Canada Balsam. A yel, turpentine-like liquid from incisions in the bark of balsam fir, Abies balsam-... 

Bergamot oil is adulterated in various ways, e.g., with oil of turpentine, oil or terpenes of lemon, orange terpenes, fatty oils, waxes, resin, gurjun and Canada balsam, cedarwood oil, mineral oils, chlorinated compounds of oil of turpentine, organic acids, various esters (diethyl succinate, triethyl citrate, diethyl oxalate, terpinyl acetate, esters of oleic, phthalic, tartaric and acetic acids). Such adulteration is usually made judiciously, the genuine oil being treated with such quantities of one or more picked adulterants as will not alter too markedly the characters of the oil itself.1... 

Permanent slides may also be produced by using the alternative combinations of Canada balsam or polystyrene in xylol, dammar in turpentine, gum arabic in glycerin, styrex in xylene, rubber in xylene and gelatin in water [33]. With a 1% solution this may be formed by dropping... 

If too much Canada balsam has been used, some of it usually spreads beyond the edge of the cover-glass, or on its surface. In this event wait until the balsam hardens, when it can be scratched off with a knife, and the surface of the glass cleaned with a rag moistened with turpentine oil or xylol. 

Canada Balsam. This balsam is the product 4>f the Canadian balsam fir, a tree of very common 0)wth in Canada and the State of Maine. When fresh, it has the consistence of thin honey, an agreeable odor, an acid taste, and a pale yellow color, nearly white. It should be perfectly transparent, and. soluble in rectified oil of turpentine, with which it fonns a beautiful glassy and colorless varnish, which is much used for preparing a semi-transparent copying-paper. A factitious kind is sold, but Is wholly deficient of some of the properties of the genuine balsam. 

Beduced Balsam of Coimiba, Balsam of copaiba, 4 pounds castor oil, 3 pounds mix. Or Balsam of copaiba. 7 pounds castor oil, 4 pound.s yellow resin, 2 pounds. Or Equal parts of balsam of copaiba and balsam of Canada mixed together. Or To tho last add 2 pounds of Venice turpentine. Or Balsams of Canlula am I copai bo, and nut or castor oil, cyellow resin, 2 pounds balsam of Canada, 1 pound. Tho above arc tho forms for tho reduction of copaiba balsam, that have from time to time been circulated in tho dnig trade. For the mode of distinguishing such compounds from tho pure balsam, see next receipt. 

The turpentine obtained by incision from the stem of Ahie% lahamea, Balm of Ghilead flr. Cultivated in Canada. 

Balsams, oleoresins solutions of resins in volatile oils. B. are produced either as normal plant constituents, or in response to pathological conditions or injury. Commercially, the most important B. is turpentine, produced (1-2 kg/tree/year) by conifers in re-ponse to bark injury. Steam distillation of the crude B. yields turpentine oils the residue is colophoy (rosin). Other B., usually named after the country of origin (e.g. Peru B., Canada B.), are used in perfumes and pharmaceuticals. 

Similar exudations from other trees have been used, for instance Venice turpentine from Larix decidua and Canada balsam from Abies balsamea (Mills and White, 1994). Their overall composition based on mono- and diterpenes and properties are similar, varying slightly with differences in composition. 

Venice turpentine has been used in picture varnishes and as a tackifying resin in adhesives partly because it inaeases the flexibility of the film, though this effect will diminish as the monoterpenes evaporate. Canada balsam was widely used for mounting specimens on microscope shdes and as a glass adhesive, though again the evaporation leads to shrinkage and distortion. 

The composition of turpentine varies depending on the species of tree from which it is produced and plantations may contain a variety of species and chemotypes, therefore the composition of crude turpentine is subject to variation. The largest production is sulfate turpentine from the southeastern United States, which amounts to well over 100,000 tonnes/annum and in 2005 was priced under 2/gal. Second most important is Chinese gum turpentine, which is produced in about half that volume. Other significant sources include gum turpentine from Russia, Brazil, Portugal, India, and Mexico, and sulfate turpentine from Canada. These last few each being of the order of 10,000 tonnes/annum. Scandanavia and Chile are now also significant suppliers of CST. 

Although considerable chemical data are available on the needles, wood, and bark (karrer), chemical information on the balsam (oleoresin) itself is practically nonexistent, except that it has been reported to be an oleoresin of the turpentine type, yielding a volatile oil on steam distillation and has properties and uses similar to those of Canada balsam (arctander ... 

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