From Achillea

Fig. 2.19 Compounds 71-73, flavonoids identified from Achillea millefolium. Compounds 74-78, flavonoids identified from Pulicaria dysenterica...

Fig. 4 The histograms of the fluorescence intensity (ratio red/green) for the secretory cells (the amount of cells fluorescing in green 520-540 nm) of developing leaf from Achillea millefolium. Upper histograms - leaf without developing secretory cells lower histograms - after the appearence of secretory cells. (The amount of red fluorescing cells on the leaf surface decreased as can be seen from smaller heights of histograms).

Vieira, L. et al., Germacranes and flavonoids from Achillea ageratum. Phytochemistry, 45, 111, 1997. 

Aljancic, I. et al., Flavones and sesquiterpenes from Achillea atrata subsp. multifida antimicrobial activity, J. Nat. Prod., 62, 909, 1999. 

The plant Achillea clusiana from the mountains of Bulgaria contains the new 2-epi-chIoroklotzchin (256), which is the first report of a halogenated sesquiterpene lactone from Achillea genus (512). Chloroform was used to process the plant. The Egyptian medicinal plant Ambrosia maritima, which is still used to treat renal colic and other aliments, has afforded 1 lp-hydroxy-13-chloro-l 1,13-dihydrohymenin (257) (513). Eupaglehnins E (258) and F (259) are novel germacranolides isolated... 

Todorova MN, Tsankova ET, Taskova RM, Peev DR (1999) Terpenoids from Achillea clusiana. ZNaturforsch 54c 1011... 

Ahmed AA, Gati T, Hussein TA, Ali AT, Tzakou OA, Couladis MA, Mabry TJ, Toth G (2003) Ligustolide A and B, Two Novel Sesquiterpenes with Rare Skeletons and Three 1,10 -seco-Guaianolide Derivatives from Achillea ligustica. Tetrahedron 59 3729... 

Polyunsaturated alkamides have been isolated from Aaronsohnia, Achillea, Anacyclus, and Echinacea species. Due to the structural similarity of alkamides to arachidonic acid, it is likely that alkamides act as competitive inhibitors of COX and LOX enzymes. At a concentration of 50 pg/ml, all twenty tested alkamides from Achillea and Echinacea species showed 21-... 

Very little quantitative data have been reported in relation to the concentration of aconitic acid in various plant juices other than from cane sorghum and from sugar cane varieties although the acid has been identified in the juices from many other species of plants. It has been isolated from a variety of species of Aconitum,1-7-11 Delphinium,9 12 and Equisetum,2 3-l2a and also from Achillea millefolium,Adonis vernalis,u,lb Helinus ovatus,16 Sansevieria zeylancia,17 wheat,18 and from barley, maize, oat and rye plants.19 It can indeed be said that aconitic acid, at least qualitatively, is a commonly occurring constituent in the plant kingdom. 

Karamenderes et al. [67] reported the composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from Achillea millefolium L. subsp. pannonica (Scheele) Hayek, Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium, Achillea arithmifolia Waldst Kitt and Achillea kotschyi Boiss. subsp. kotschyi, four Achillea species from Turkey. 1,8-cineole, Fig. (2), artemisia alcohol and ascaridole were identified as major components. The essential oils showed antibacterial and antifungal effects even with low concentrations. The essential oil of the flowering tops of another Achillea species, Achillea fragantissimum (Forsk.) Sch. Bip growing in Sinai, was analyzed [68]. Santolina alcohol, a- and P-thujone, Fig. (5) and artemisia ketone account for approximately 80% of the oil. The oil showed marked antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. 

Examples of other antimicrobial sesquiterpenes from the Anthemideae tribe also included new sesquiterpenes from the hexane extract of aerial parts of Santolina rosmarinifolia subsp. canescens (Lagasca) Nyman [175], and the guaiane sesquiterpenes rupicolin A, Fig. (13) and B, 1-deoxy-la-peroxy-rupicolin A and B isolated from Achillea clavennae [25]. 

A new piperidine amide (150) was isolated from Achillea lingustica. Its structure was determined using UV, MS and NMR [417],... 

Seven new piperidine amides were isolated from Achillea species [418], Amides 143-147, and 149 were obtained from A. lycaonica, and 148, from A. chamaemelifolia. The structures of these compounds were determined using UV, IR, FDMS, EIMS, and H NMR [418]. 

New piperidine amide 154 was isolated from Achillea falcata, along with several known amides. Its structure was established using MS, UV, IR and and 13C NMR [419]. 13C NMR spectra were obtained, and H NMR-lanthanide induced shifts were determined for the amides [419],... 

A new piperideide (155) was isolated from Achillea millefolium, and its structure was determined using MS, UV, and H NMR [420]. Several previously known piperidine amides were also isolated from this plant, including the dominant 156. The stereochemistry of amides 157 and 158 was determined using the lanthanide induced shift method [420],... 

HPLC was used to separate and analyze amides in the Achillea millefolium group [423], and a number of known piperidine amides were isolated from Achillea ptarmica [424,425]. 

In the pepper alkaloid group, several new amides have been isolated from Achillea spp. One of them, from A, biebersteinil Afan, is the piperideide(19)Others include (20) (from A. ly caonica Boiss, et Heldr.), and the hitherto structurally unencountered acetylenic amides (21) and (22) (from A. spinulifolia Fenzl ex... 

The new germacrane triol, agaratriol (217), has been isolated from Achillea ageratum L., and dehydrocurdione (218) from Curcuma zedoaria Matsueda " has reported that hydrogenation of parthenolide (219) on 10% palladium-charcoal does not yield the simple 11,13-dihydro-derivative as indicated by Govindachari et but that the product is, in fact, the dihydro-guaianolide (220). It should be noted, however, that Govindachari et al. have... 

The prevalence of isobutylamine, pyrrolidine and piperidine as the amine component of amides from numerous species of Piper has been noted, and is clearly evident in Tables 1 and 2. In a 1973 paper, Bohlmatm [14] speculated on the biosynthetic origins of the amine moieties of some amides belonging to the same class isolated from Achillea spp. (Compositae). He drew attention to the strong probability that the isobutylamine component, where present, would be derived from valine. He proposed, further, that the piperidine portion of the amide 10(n=4), and other piperidyl amides, is biosynthesized via pipecolic acid (now known to be most commonly derived from D-lysine [13]), and that lysine (configuration unspecified) is the progenitor of the piperideine ring embodied in 14 and 18 [14]. 

An interesting series of polyunsaturated amides (109-113) have been isolated from Achillea ptarmica (Compositae) (95). 

Naturally occurring camphanes include the bomeols with an endo hydroxy group, the isobomeols with an exo OH and 2-camphanone (2-bonanone) referred to as camphor. (+)-Bomeol from the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) and from the roots of ginger-like Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae), both of which grow in Eastern Asia, is known as Borneo camphor. (-)-Isobomeol was isolated from Achillea filipendulina (Asteraceae). 

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) extract CAS 84082-83-7 EINECS/ELINCS 282-030-6 Synonyms Achillea millefolium Achillea millefolium extract Milfoil extract Yarrow extract Yarrow herb extract Definition Extract derived from Achillea millefolium Uses Botanical extract natural flavoring agent in beverages... 

Orav, A., T. Kailas, and K. Ivask. 2001. Composition of the essential oil from Achillea millefolium from Estonia. d ssenL ilR., 13 290-294. 

Fig. 98.3 Compound 13 apressin has been isolated from Achillea depressa [19], 14 3-chlorodehydroleucodm liom Kaunia lasiophihalma [20], 15 saussureamine from Saussurea lappa [21], 16 crepidiaside B from Cichorium intybus and other species [22], 17 lappaphen A from Arctium lappa [23], 18 from Apalochlamys spectabilis [24], 19 from deep sea gOTgraiian (Placogoria sp.) [25] but also from terrestrial plants Taraxacum wallichii [26] and Artemisia gilvescens [27], and the norguaianolide (20) mexicanin E from Helenium microcephalum [28]...

Sesquiterpene ethers (scopoletin) scopofamol and scopodrimol were also isolated from Achillea and Artemisia species and are potential modulators of MDR in tumor cells [121]. 

Loffler BC, Hajdu Z, Zupko I, Rethy B, Falkay G, Forgo P, Hohmann J (2009) Antiproliferative effect of flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids from Achillea millefolium s.l. on cultured human tumour cell lines. Phytother Res 23 672... 

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