Camera design

Camera design involves the difficult problem of applying large forces to the specimen and simultaneously getting x-ray beams into and out of it. Hydrostatic pressures up to about 5 kbars have been achieved in cameras operated under gas pressure. Higher pressures are obtained by compressing the specimen between anvils, either uniaxially or tetrahedrally (along directions, in cubic notation, of the form <111 . 

To those familiar with powder work, monochromators usually represent a fine tool which is seldom called into use. The reason for the tendency to avoid crystal monochromatized radiation is that excessively lengthy exposure times have to be used. This shortcoming however, is not always decisive and is often more than compensated for by the value of the results obtained. The very lengthy exposures encountered can frequently be greatly shortened by proper adjustment and camera design. 

Flat-film cameras are used for all kinds of samples, bulk, fibre, film (foil) and powder specimens. When dealing with structurally anisotropic fibre samples, in particular, one will benefit fi om the use of a cylindrical camera design that will make the diffraction spots (reflections) appear on straight and parallel lines (layer... 

These pictures were taken with a special camera designed for the purpose by Kratky (Cf. Z. Elektrochem., 48 (1942), 409). The black line in the centre of the photographs is caused by the flat ribbon-shaped primary pencil of X-rays and should be disregarded. The low angle scattering is seen at both sides of white patches on the photograph. The ordinary crystalline cellulose interferences are not seen in the picture, since they fall outside the field of vision. 

White W., Resolution, sensitivity, and contrast in gamma-camera design A critical review, Radiology, 1979 132 179-187. 

The camera used to acquire the images in 3D sectioning microscopy is of superior importance, since it is the device which collects the raw data. Although there has been considerable progress in camera design, it should be noted that the ideal camera capable of covering all applications still does not exist. In the following section we will discuss some features of the camera systems most frequently used. These considerations should help to decide which camera to implement into a microscope system with respect to the experiments in mind. 

To be able to perform the same types of studies that are currently performed on humans (average adult weight of 70 kg), small animal imaging devices must have a spatial resolution scaled appropriately to the object of interest. Typical human clinical scanners have a spatial resolution of 5-10 mm. Because the typical human chest has a diameter of 30-50 cm, spatial resolution in the mouse, with a chest diameter of 2-3 cm, must improve by a factor of at least 10, that is < 1 mm. Spatial resolution demands of this sort have required new and improved technologies of both detector and overall camera design. 

The complexity of a network-based camera design is generally higher than in point-to-point camera implementations. 

IP69k miniature camera modules with pigtails provide designers with the freedom to attach the cameras anywhere in the cabin. If a camera fixture is requested, ProViu Mirror offers a foldable camera arm to place the camera modules. The camera design housings are vehicle specific and optimized to improve the aerodynamic of the entire vehicle (Fig. 10). 

Detailed analyses carried out by manufacturers forecast that, as far as camera applications are concerned, the popularity of alkaline batteries with camera designers will continue to increase, and so will the popularity of silver oxide. The corresponding decline in applications support for mercury batteries is already drastic, falling at roughly the same rate up to 1980, when only one in seven new camera applications required a mercury battery. One of the primary causes is not lack of battery performance but the developing worldwide antimercury lobby. 

Abstracts A camera design with only fonr lens elements gives good imaging performance at a working focal ratio of //4.4. 

In September 1993 we will commissioa a 1.0-5.5 /xm infrared array camera for the 3.0-meter NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on Manna Kea, Hawaii. This camera incorporates a Santa Barbara Research Center (SBRC) 256x256 LiSb array. Rather than giving a detailed description of the entire system (provided in Bayner et ol. 1993), we summarize briefly the overall camera design and then concentrate on one of the first innovative observing modes to be implemented real-time shift add speckle imaging. We present some first results with the camera at the telescope. 

Abstract. We describe the development of a mid-in ared camera intended for use at the Palomai 5-m telescope and at the NASA Lifrared Telescope Facility. The camera is based on Rodrwell s HF-16 128x128 Si As BIB array. This array is unusual in that it has a well depth of approximately 30 million electrons tl will allow the use of traditional broadband astronomical filters (N and Q) while keeping a reasonable field-of-idew. Measured array performance indicates that it has a read noise of 1100 electrons and shows non-linearities of < 1% up to 65% of fall well. In this paper, we discuss the array and its operating characteristics and we give a brief overview of the camera design. 

THE JPL DEEP-WELL MID-INFRARED ARRAY CAMERA 3. Camera Design... 

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