Calibration tests

Figure I Simulation of a transducer calibration test, a) Calibration configuration T45° transducer and 6 flat bottom holes at various depths b) Predicted field by Champ-Sons c) Simulated Bscan d) Echodynamic curve.

This requirement is similar to that stated in clause 4.11.2 of the standard and addressed later in this chapter. The checks and rechecks required to prove that the software is capable of verifying the acceptability of product are a means of calibrating test software. However, test software does not wear or drift with age or use and so cannot be calibrated against a standard traceable to national standards. To control test software you need to consider what it is that you need to control. As a minimum you should control its use, modification, location (in terms of where it is installed), replication, and disposal. Requirements for other controls are covered in clause 4.11.2 of the standard, where they can be applied to test software. 

Don t calibrate test devices in the same environment as they will be used unless you compensate for the environmental effects on measurement accuracy. 

It is clear that the calibration of a calorimeter and the preliminary experiments which have been described are operations of paramount importance. In the case of the apparatus that we use, they have shown that corrections are often not necessary, and that the area of the thermogram is in many cases directly proportional to the amount of heat evolved during a adsorption phenomenon, provided that the gas pressure is maintained below 2 Torr. It may not be so with all adsorption calorimeters, especially if a large sensitivity is needed or if the symmetry of the twin system is not perfect. However, the calibration tests and preliminary experiments which have been described can be used to determine eventually the necessary corrections. Moreover, it should not be forgotten that the... 

In the various sections of this article, it has been attempted to show that heat-flow calorimetry does not present some of the theoretical or practical limitations which restrain the use of other calorimetric techniques in adsorption or heterogeneous catalysis studies. Provided that some relatively simple calibration tests and preliminary experiments, which have been described, are carefully made, the heat evolved during fast or slow adsorptions or surface interactions may be measured with precision in heat-flow calorimeters which are, moreover, particularly suitable for investigating surface phenomena on solids with a poor heat conductivity, as most industrial catalysts indeed are. The excellent stability of the zero reading, the high sensitivity level, and the remarkable fidelity which characterize many heat-flow microcalorimeters, and especially the Calvet microcalorimeters, permit, in most cases, the correct determination of the Q-0 curve—the energy spectrum of the adsorbent surface with respect to... 

Calibration Test. Before the wall tests were carried out, a calibration test was conducted to evaluate burner performance and to check for agreement between fuel gas and heat release calculations. For this test, the furnace was closed with a masonry wall lined with a layer of ceramic blanket material. The ASTM E-119 time-temperature curve was followed for 60 min. 

As shown in the calibration test, very good agreement between (jfurnac and (jfuei was obtained. The method is accurate at least for fuel gas alone. 

Quality assurance measures such as pre-analytical checks on instrumental stability, wavelength calibration, balance calibration, tests on resolution of chromatography columns, and problem diagnostics are not included. For present purposes they are regarded as part of the analytical protocol, and IQC tests their effectiveness together with the other aspects of the methodology. 

Concerning the projected energetics from LNG RPTs, SheU Pipeline measured overpressures from small-size (0.1 m = 30 gallons) spills both in the air and under water. From calibration tests in their spill apparatus. 

TABLE I Summary of Calibration Tests and Acceptance Criteria... 

Significant time is saved in this calibration procedure by minimizing sample preparation and the number of calibrated test apparatus wherein only a balance, a 5-mL volumetric flask, a stopwatch, a thermal probe, two standards, one HPLC column, and one mobile phase are used. The use of MS Word template forms (see Figure 10) saves considerable time by eliminating any notebook entries and also improves the consistency of calibration records. Two important system parameters, dwell volume, and... 

The IQ is typically followed in close succession by the OQ protocol. The OQ confirms and documents that an instrument operates in accordance with the vendor s functional specifications. Again, similar to that for the IQ, the OQ protocol is often partly, if not totally, developed by the vendor of the instrument. In some laboratories, the internal calibration tests may be incorporated as part of the OQ protocol. In most cases the protocol is typically carried out by a vendor s qualified service engineer. Since the same service engineer often performs both the IQ and the OQ, the IQ and PQ are often combined as part of an overall IQ/OQ protocol. 

Sensitivity of the Analytical Instrumentation. Prior to the chemical analyses for each compound, a series of calibration tests are run to determine the relationship between instrument response and the true analyte level in a sample. The form of the calibration curve and the instrument response variability about this curve determine the analytical sensitivity. Two quantities are calculated from the calibration data ... 

Both the ISO 9000 guidelines (ISO/IEC Guide 25 — see Section 2) and the GLP regulations (e.g., FDA regulations 21 CFR 58) stress the importance of the calibration of laboratory equipment. (See Box 5.3.) Indeed, properly calibrated test equipment is central to a laboratory s duty to successfully and accurately carry out its responsibilities. 

The desorption of Ba and Sr from a W ribbon was recently investigated by Moore and Alhson (54)- The emission current was correlated with the surface coverage by means of data obtained in a series of calibration tests with radioactive Sr, in which the emission was determined as a function of the amount of radioactive Sr deposited on a W filament. The thermionic activity was measured by determining the temperature required for a fixed emission density. Thus, if A in Equation (4), Sec. V, is constant throughout the experiments,... 

At the beginning of your shift you have been assigned to run a calibration test on the company s three gas meters. Each test took you 50 minutes. Just as you are finishing, the captain brings in another meter from the chief s office. When you finish that calibration, you find that you have spent a total of 3 hours on this assignment. How long did it take to calibrate the fourth meter ... 

In some instances, calibration test data may need to be subjected to some kind of mathematical transformation, prior to the regression analysis, in order to obtain linear calibration plots. In some cases, however, such as in immunochemical assays, linearity cannot be demonstrated even after any transformation. The use of nonlinear calibration curves for analysis has been discussed (27). 

A typical drawback of neural nets is that they need a relatively high number of samples. Nevertheless, good PLS model development also needs as many samples as possible and three data sets [calibration, test (or control) and... 

R.W. Pinker, Middle North Series. Mixed Company Event. Small High-Explosive Cratering Calibration Tests , Final Rept, Air Force Weapons Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM (1976) (Limited distrib) 154) F.E. Walker, Effects of Free Radicals in the Shock Initiation of Explosives , UCID-16858-76-1, Lawrence Livermore Res Lab, Livermore, Ca (1976) 155) N.P. Leginov... 

To address this level of testing the FDS should outline the calibration, testing, and verification needs of the computer system to ensure conformance with the manufacturing design data, and in particular the critical process parameters. For this the FDS needs to consider ... 

For the control/monitoring instrumentation, regulating devices, and any associated electrical equipment, predelivery testing and calibration is normally the responsibility of the instrument/equipment manufacturer and should be carried out to approved written procedures using calibration test equipment that is traceable back to agreed-upon national standards. The test equipment must have precision, accuracy, and repeatability that are higher than that of the instrument being calibrated. 

Calibration of the instrumentation will be performed over the complete instrument loop. During each loop calibration, all data must be documented on appropriate instrument and loop calibration sheets and submitted to the pharmaceutical manufacturer for review, approval, and record. Calibration test equipment must be traceable back to agreed-upon national standards and documented on each calibration result sheet. 

Describe the test equipment required to carry out the calibration test, including its name, model number, asset number (as applicable), range and accuracy, and any other applicable information. 

Provide the calibration test sheet(s), applicable to the instrument under test, that should be used to record all test data necessary to satisfy the specified calibration requirements. 

The results of calibration tests must be properly documented in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer and/or the applicable national or international standard for the instrument before it can be considered calibrated. 

The calibration test sheets form the evidence necessary to demonstrate the accuracy of data gathered during product manufacture and as such are key inspection documents. Critical instruments must be provided with a calibration test sheet/certificate that details both the test results and their limits of uncertainty. Calibration test sheets must be checked and approved by an authorized person. 

A method has been described [6] for the determination of bromide in grain. In this method, bromide ion is allowed to react selectively with ethylene oxide to form 2-bromoethanol, which is separated and determined by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. In calibration tests of this method carried out over seven laboratories on standard grains and maize containing 50 mg/kg bromide, interlaboratory standard deviations of between 6.4 and 6.2 mg/kg were obtained. Mean rates of recovery were in the range of 92-109%. 

Data from an early successful calibration test performed at Temple University is summarized in Figure 5. One manufacturer s tube was tested at 200°C and 50 bars pressure with unbuffered solutions of 0.01 N HC1 and 0.001 N NaOH. The heavy dashed line in Figure 5 connects these two 200°C points while the thin dashed lines connect the equivalence values on the... 

The calibration laboratory in turn provides the calibrated test samples for the ring tests to the medical laboratories. 

The installed software package also contains the AMDIS libraries onsite.cls and onsite.isl for calibration, test, and internal standard compounds (see Section 2.2). After software installation the hard disks are assigned to a particular GC/MS system. Since each instrument (defined by serial number) may be combined with any of the 5 electronic modules, 12 GC modules and 10 injector modules in possession of OPCW the actual instrument configuration needs to be defined. This is achieved by installing configuration files for the... 

---